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Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry > Week 7 - Heart > Flashcards

Week 7 - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes are there in the left lung

A

2

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2
Q

Which vena cava does NOT go through the diaphragm?

A

Superior vena cava

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3
Q

Location of the heart

A

Rests on diaphragm near midline of thoracic cavity + lies in mediastinum.

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4
Q

Define pericardium

A

Membrane surrounding + protecting heart.

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5
Q

What 2 parts does the pericardium consist of?

A

Outer fibrous pericardium

Inner serous pericardium

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6
Q

What is the superficial outer fibrous pericardium composed of?

A

Tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue.

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7
Q

What is the function of the superficial outer fibrous pericardium?

A

Prevents over-stretching of heart

Provides protection

Anchors heart in mediastinum

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8
Q

Location of fibrous pericardium

A

Near apex of heart

Partially fused to central tendon of diaphragm

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9
Q

Describe the deeper/inner serous pericardium

A

Thinner

More delicate membrane

Double layer around heart.

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10
Q

What is the outer parietal layer of serous pericardium fused to?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

Inner visceral layer of serous pericardium a.k.a epicardium

A

Adheres tightly to surface of heart.

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12
Q

Define pericardial fluid

A

⬇️ friction between layers of serous pericardium as heart moves.

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium (external)

Myocardium (middle)

Endocardium (inner)

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardium

Build up of pericardial fluid

Squeezes myocardium

Heart can’t contract fully

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15
Q

What does the epicardium contain

A

Bv

Lymphatics

Vessels that supply the myocardium

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16
Q

What is the myocardium responsible for?

A

Pumping action of heat

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17
Q

What is the myocardium composed of

A

Cardiac muscle tissue.

It’s muscle fibres are wrapped + bundled w. connective tissue sheaths composed of endomysium + perimysium.

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18
Q

Function of endocardium

A

Provides smooth lining for chambers of heart

Minimises surface friction as blood passes through

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19
Q

Auricles of the heart

A

Anterior surface of each atrium

Wrinkled pouch like structure

Slightly ⬆️ capacity of each atrium

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20
Q

Sulci of the heart

A

Grooves containing bv + fat

Separate chambers

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21
Q

Simple blood flow order

A

Vena cava

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary veins

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Aortic valve

Aorta

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22
Q

Location of right atrium

A

Anterior upper medial surface of heart.

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23
Q

How thick is right atrium

A

2-3mm

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24
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior + inferior vena cava

Coronary sinus

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25
Define interatrial septum
Thin partition between right + left atrium.
26
How thick is the right ventricle
4-5mm
27
From how many pulmonary veins does the left atrium receive blood?
4
28
What is the wall like anteriorly + posteriorly of the left atrium
Smooth
29
What does blood pass through to get from left atrium to left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
30
How thick is the left ventricle
10-15mm Thickest chamber
31
Where does blood pass through from left ventricle
Aortic valve --> ascending aorta. Some in aorta flows into coronary arteries which branch from ascending aorta + carry blood to heart wall. Remainder passes into arch of aorta + descending aorta.
32
What happens to the AV when open?
Rounded ends of cusps project into ventricle
33
What happens to the papillary muscles + chordae tendineae when ventricles are relaxed?
Papillary muscles are relaxed Chordae tendineae are slack
34
What happens to the papillary muscles + chordae tendineae when ventricles contract?
Papillary muscles contract = pulling on + tightening chordae tendineae. -- Preventing valve cusps from everting in response to high ventricular pressure.
35
What happens if AV valves or chordae tendineae are damaged
Blood may regurgitate into atria when ventricles contract.
36
What are the SL valves made up of?
3 crescent moon-shaped cusps
37
Define pacemaker potential
Spontaneous depolarisation of the SA node cells
38
What happens when pacemaker pot reaches threshold
Triggers AP
39
1st step to the conduction system
AP from SAN propagates throughout both atria via gap junctions in intercalated discs of atrial muscle fibres = Atria contract simultaneously.
40
2nd step to the conduction system
AP reaches AVN Slows due to differences in cell structure = Time for atria to empty blood into ventricles.
41
3rd step to conduction system
AP enters AV bundle/Bundle of His, then both right + left bundle branches.
42
4th step to the conduction system
Purkinje fibres rapidly conduct AP from apex of heart up to remainder of ventricular myocardium = ventricles contract = pushing blood up toward SL valves.
43
Define ECGs
Record of AP produced by all heart muscle fibres during each HB. Instrument used = electrocardiogram
44
What does an ECG enable one to determine?
If conducting pathway is normal If heart is enlarged If certain regions of heart are damaged Cause of chest pain
45
Why is the T wave smaller + wider than the QRS complex
Due to reploraization occurring slower than depolarisation.
46
Where do the coronary arteries branch from
Ascending aorta + encircle the heart.
47
Why does blood flow into the coronary arteries when heart is contracting
Due to being squeezed shut
48
Where does the left coronary artery pass?
Inferior to left auricle
49
Anterior interventricular branch / Left anterior descending (LAD) artery
Supplies O2-blood to walls of both ventricles.
50
Where does the circumflex branch lie?
In the coronary sulcus
51
What does the right coronary artery do?
Supplies small atrial branches to right atrium.
52
Location of Posterior interventricular branch
Follows posterior interventricualr sulcus
53
Where does the Marginal branch run?
Along right margin of heart
54
Coronary Veins
Most of the deO2-blood from myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the sulcus on posterior surface of heart called coronary sinus
55
What is blood flow to coronary circulation controlled by?
Primarily by metabolites. Minor role of sympathetic — vasodilate. Minor control parasympathetic — Vasoconstrict.
56
Detailed blood flow order
Blood —> inferior + superior vena cava. Deposited into right atrium — also comes here from coronary blood supply via coronary sinus. From this chamber blood will go through tricuspid valve —> right ventricle. Blood —> pulmonary artery though pulmonary SL valve. After going round pulmonary circulation, blood is returned to heart in pulmonary veins. Blood in left atrium —> bicuspid valve —> left ventricle. Blood —> aortic SL valve —> aorta.
57
Sounds for the heart beat
S1 - Cupsid valves close - lubb S1 - SL valves close - dubb S3 - Ventricular filling S4 - Atrial systole
58
Where do you listen to the heart
2nd intercostal left + right Left 4th intercostal sternal border Left 5th intercostal mid clavicular line
59
Where does the circumflex branch distribute O2-blood to?
Walls of left ventricle + left atrium.
60
Where can the right coronary artery be found?
Inferiorly to right auricle Divides into posterior inter ventricular + marginal branches.
61
What does the Posterior interventricular branch do?
Supplies walls of ventricles w/ O2 blood.
62
What does the marginal branch do?
Transports O2-blood to wall of right ventricle.

Human Anatomy & Kinanthropometry (27 decks)

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