Week 9: Choice Behaviour and Matching Flashcards
________ schedules of reinforcement: simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules of reinforcement
Concurrent schedules of reinforcement
Principle of ___________: the amount of behaviour directed toward an alternative is proportional to the amount of reinforcement we receive from that alternative
matching
_________ law: the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion or reinforcers obtained on that schedule
Matching Law
_________ appears to be a basic principle of choice behaviour, applicable to a variety of situations and species
Matching
In the matching law, the _________ of responses is the focus, NOT the number of responses
proportion
_________: the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus the poorer schedule is less different than would be predicted by the matching law
under matching
_____________: the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus the poorer schedule is more different than would be predicted
Overmatching
____ from ________: occurs when one response alternative attacks a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether that alternative contains the richer or poorer schedule of reinforcement
Bias from matching
__________ theory: distribution of behaviour in a choice situations shifts toward those alternatives that have a higher value regardless of the long-erm effect on the overall amount of reinforcement
Melioration theory
Skinner proposed that to enact self control, we enact a _________ response to attempt to alter the frequency of a __________ response
controlling; controlled
Four types of controlling responses: 1 Ph\_\_\_\_\_\_ restraint 2 De\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and Sat\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3 Doing something else 4 Self-reinforcement and P\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Physical restraint; Deprivation and satiation; Punishment
Behaviours are often influenced by a complex set of ___________
contingencies
___________ consequences are generally more powerful than __________ consequences
Immediate; Delayed
From a temporal perspective, lack of self-control arises from the fact that our behaviour is more heavily influenced by __________ consequences than by _________ consequences
Immediate; Delayed
Delayed consequences often suffer from a double whammy, their value is weakened because they are delayed and because they are less ________
certain
_____-________ consists of choosing a larger later reward over a smaller sooner reward
Self-Control
_________ consists of choosing a smaller sooner reward over a larger later reward
Impulsiveness
In Mishel’s Delayed Gratification task, resistance to temptation was greatly enhanced by not _________ to the tempting reward
attending
In the ________-________ model of self-control, smaller sooner rewards and larger later rewards focus can shift over time
Ainslies-Rachlin
People become less ______ as they grow older
impulsive
We more easily maintain responding for a distant goal by setting up an explicit series of _______
subgoals
What is the ideal what to answer problems of self-control?
Flattening out the delay gradient
A ___________ __________ is an action carried out at an early point in time that serves either to eliminate or greatly reduce the value of an upcoming temptation
commitment response
________ ___________: a person formally arranges to attain certain rewards for resisting temptation or receive certain punishers for yielding to temptation,
Behavioural Contracts
____ but __________ effects model: each individual choice on a self-control task has only a small but cumulative effect on our likelihood of obtaining the desired long-term outcome
Small - but - cumulative effects model
The small-but-cumulative effects model can be incorporated into what other model?
The Ainslie-Rachlin model
