Week 9: Choice Behaviour and Matching

Question 1

________ schedules of reinforcement: simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 1

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement

Question 2

Principle of ___________: the amount of behaviour directed toward an alternative is proportional to the amount of reinforcement we receive from that alternative

Answer 2

matching

Question 3

_________ law: the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion or reinforcers obtained on that schedule

Answer 3

Matching Law

Question 4

_________ appears to be a basic principle of choice behaviour, applicable to a variety of situations and species

Answer 4

Matching

Question 5

In the matching law, the _________ of responses is the focus, NOT the number of responses

Answer 5

proportion

Question 6

_________: the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus the poorer schedule is less different than would be predicted by the matching law

Answer 6

under matching

Question 7

_____________: the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus the poorer schedule is more different than would be predicted

Answer 7

Overmatching

Question 8

____ from ________: occurs when one response alternative attacks a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether that alternative contains the richer or poorer schedule of reinforcement

Answer 8

Bias from matching

Question 9

__________ theory: distribution of behaviour in a choice situations shifts toward those alternatives that have a higher value regardless of the long-erm effect on the overall amount of reinforcement

Answer 9

Melioration theory

Question 10

Skinner proposed that to enact self control, we enact a _________ response to attempt to alter the frequency of a __________ response

Answer 10

controlling; controlled

Question 11

Four types of controlling responses: 
1 Ph\_\_\_\_\_\_ restraint
2 De\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and Sat\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3 Doing something else 
4 Self-reinforcement and P\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 11

Physical restraint; Deprivation and satiation; Punishment

Question 12

Behaviours are often influenced by a complex set of ___________

Answer 12

contingencies

Question 13

___________ consequences are generally more powerful than __________ consequences

Answer 13

Immediate; Delayed

Question 14

From a temporal perspective, lack of self-control arises from the fact that our behaviour is more heavily influenced by __________ consequences than by _________ consequences

Answer 14

Immediate; Delayed

Question 15

Delayed consequences often suffer from a double whammy, their value is weakened because they are delayed and because they are less ________

Answer 15

certain

Question 16

_____-________ consists of choosing a larger later reward over a smaller sooner reward

Answer 16

Self-Control

Question 17

_________ consists of choosing a smaller sooner reward over a larger later reward

Answer 17

Impulsiveness

Question 18

In Mishel’s Delayed Gratification task, resistance to temptation was greatly enhanced by not _________ to the tempting reward

Answer 18

attending

Question 19

In the ________-________ model of self-control, smaller sooner rewards and larger later rewards focus can shift over time

Answer 19

Ainslies-Rachlin

Question 20

People become less ______ as they grow older

Answer 20

impulsive

Question 21

We more easily maintain responding for a distant goal by setting up an explicit series of _______

Answer 21

subgoals

Question 22

What is the ideal what to answer problems of self-control?

Answer 22

Flattening out the delay gradient

Question 23

A ___________ __________ is an action carried out at an early point in time that serves either to eliminate or greatly reduce the value of an upcoming temptation

Answer 23

commitment response

Question 24

________ ___________: a person formally arranges to attain certain rewards for resisting temptation or receive certain punishers for yielding to temptation,

Answer 24

Behavioural Contracts

Question 25

____ but __________ effects model: each individual choice on a self-control task has only a small but cumulative effect on our likelihood of obtaining the desired long-term outcome

Answer 25

Small - but - cumulative effects model

Question 26

The small-but-cumulative effects model can be incorporated into what other model?

Answer 26

The Ainslie-Rachlin model