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Learning > Week 3: Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Week 3: Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

An _______ behaviour is one that is automatically drawn out by a certain stimulus

A

elicited

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2
Q

A _______ is a relatively simple, automatic response to stimulus

A

reflex

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3
Q

The ______ response - a defensive reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus

A

Startle response

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4
Q

________ response - automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending to a stimulus

A

orientating

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5
Q

A _______ ___ is a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neutron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron

A

reflex arc

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6
Q

A ______ ________ pattern is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

A

A fixed action pattern

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7
Q

The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a ____ stimulus (or releaser)

A

sign stimulus

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8
Q

__________: Decrease in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

A

Habituation

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9
Q

___________: Increase in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

A

Sensitisation

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10
Q

__________: Habituated responses can also reappear following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

A

Dishabituation

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11
Q

A Low-intensity stimulus results in ____________

A high-intensity stimulus results in _____________

A

habituation; sensitisation

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12
Q

The ________-__________ theory proposes that an emotional event elicits _ competing processes: (1) an a-process that is directly elicited by the event, (2) and a b-process that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process

A

The Opponent-Process theory; 2

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13
Q

In the opponent-process theory is the a or b-process the opponent process?

A

b-processl to counteract the a-process

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14
Q

The _-process correlates closely with the presence of the emotional event:
The _-process is slow to increase and slow to decrease

A

a;b

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15
Q

With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process increases in both __________ and __________

A

strength; duration

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16
Q

___________ _____________ is a process in which one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does, as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response

A

Classical conditioning

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17
Q

respondent behaviours are the elicited behaviours in ___________ ____________

A

classical conditioning

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18
Q

Each pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is called conditioning ________

A

trial

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19
Q

The ______________ ____________ is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

The ___________ ____________ is the response that is naturally elicited by the US

A

unconditioned response

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21
Q

The ____________ _______________ is any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

The __________ ____________ is the response, often similar to the UR, that is elicited by the CS

A

conditioned response

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23
Q

In ___________ conditioning, the US is an event that the organism will generally approach or seek out

A

appetitive conditioning

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24
Q

In _________ conditioning, the US is an event that an organism generally avoids

A

Aversive conditioning

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25
Q

Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as ________ conditioning

A

excitatory conditioning

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26
Q

Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal or a US is known as ___________ conditioning

A

inhibitory conditioning

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27
Q

In _________ conditioning, the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap

A

delayed conditioning

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28
Q

In _______ condition, the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US

A

trace conditioning

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29
Q

The period of time between the US and NS is the ______________ interval

A

interstimulus interval

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30
Q

In ___________ conditioning, the onset of the NS and the onset of the US occur simultaneously

A

simultaneous conditioning

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31
Q

In _____________ conditioning, the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US

A

backwards

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32
Q

___________ conditioning is considered the least effective procedure for conditioning

A

Backwards conditioning

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33
Q

____________ is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

A

Acquisition

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34
Q

The maximum amount of conditioning that cane take place in a particular situation is known as the ______ of conditioning

A

asymptote

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35
Q

In general, more intense _________ ______ produce stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less intense US’s

A

unconditioned stimulus

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36
Q

__________: a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US

A

Extinction

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37
Q

____________ ____________ is the reappearance of a conditioned repose to a CS following a rest period after extinction

A

Spontaneous recovery

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38
Q

____________ is the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced

A

Disinhibition

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39
Q

_____________ _________________: the tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS

A

Stimulus generalisation

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40
Q

____________ ______________ is the generalisation of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS

A

Semantic generalisation

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41
Q

_________ behaviour: (involuntary) behaviour drawn out by certain stimulus

A

Elicited behaviour

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42
Q

Survival reflexes:

  • ________ response
  • O__________ response
  • F_________ __________
  • Vomiting reflex
A

Startle; Orienting response; Flexion response

43
Q

_________ __________ patterns: Fixed sequences of responses elicited by a stimulus (releaser)

A

Fixed Action Patterns

44
Q

____________: Decrease in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

A

Habituation

45
Q

___________: Increase in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

A

Sensitisation

46
Q

If the intensity of a stimulus is high, we are likely to see ____________ towards a stimulus

A

sensitisation

47
Q

If the intensity of a stimulus in low, we are likely to see _________ towards a stimulus

A

habituation

48
Q

Classical conditioning is an ___________ learning process

A

associative

49
Q

_____________ reflex: Consists of an unconditional stimulus and unconditional response

A

Unconditional reflex

50
Q

conditional _________: Consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response

A

conditional reflex

51
Q

_____-________ ___________: the time between the presentation of a CS and the UCS, and the order of presentation

A

Inter-Stimulus interval

52
Q

What is the most effective type of Classical conditioning?

A

Delayed

53
Q

The US is sought out in ____________ conditioning

A

appetitive conditioning

54
Q

The US is avoided in _____________ conditioning

A

aversive conditoning

55
Q

______________ conditioning: Process through which NS becomes CS

A

Excitatory conditioning

56
Q

____________ conditioning: Process through which another CS inhibits response

A

Inhibitory conditoning

57
Q

___________: The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditional stimulus

A

Extinction

58
Q

Extinction is not an _________ of the conditioned response

A

unlearning

59
Q

________ _____________: The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response

A

Spontaneous recovery

60
Q

__________ _____________: when a subject that has learnt a response to a specific stimulus does not response to a new similar stimuli

A

Stimulus discrimination

61
Q

_____________ _______________: Stimulus previously associated with CS can become a CS

A

Sensory preconditioning

62
Q

Sensory preconditioning is a form of _______ learning

A

Latent learning

63
Q

_______-_______ conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS

A

higher-order conditioning

64
Q

In _________ _____________: one stimulus is conditioned as a CS another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS

A

sensory conditoning

65
Q

A __________ stimulus consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli

A

Compound stimulus

66
Q

In _____________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS

A

overshadowing

67
Q

In ______ _________, a familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar stimulus

A

latent inhibition

68
Q

____________ conditioning is a form of classical conditoning in which the CS is the passage of time

A

Temporal conditoning

69
Q

E___________ I____________: the presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus produces a decrease in the strength of the CR

A

External Inhibition

70
Q

US _____________: is the post conditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, thereby altering the strength of response to the previously conditioned CS

A

reevaluation

71
Q

__________ learning: Learning to link two events that occur close together

A

Associative learning

72
Q

A _______ ____ consists of a neural structure that consists of a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron

A

reflex arc

73
Q

The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is known as a _____ stimulus

A

sign stimulus

74
Q

Is “fight/flight response” a reflex or flexion?

A

Reflex

75
Q

Repeated low intensity stimuli can lead to Hab________

A

habituation

76
Q

Repeated high intensity stimuli can lead to sen________

A

sensitisation

77
Q

In opponent-process theory, is the b-process elicited by the event or the a-process or the c-process?

A

The a-process

78
Q

U___________ R________: consists of an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

A

Unconditional reflex

79
Q

C_________ R_________: consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response

A

Conditional reflex

80
Q

A (higher/lower) suppression ratio indicates greater suppression

A

lower (0 is more suppressed than .33)

81
Q

Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as E_________ C_________

A

excitatory conditioning

82
Q

________ proceeds rapidly during early conditioning trials, then gradually levels off

A

acquisition

83
Q

_____-_______ conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS

A

Higher-order conditioning

84
Q

In ____________ preconditioning, when on stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS

A

sensory conditioning

85
Q

In ___________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the least salient member

A

overshadowing

86
Q

___________ __________: a stimulus signals if CS is likely to be followed by US and thereby produce a CR

A

Occasion setting

87
Q

_________ ____________: is a form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time

A

Temporal conditioning

88
Q

Fixed action patterns are sometimes called s_____-s______ behaviors because they are often unique to a certain species.

A

Species - specific

89
Q

The workers in a factory hardly notice the noise, even at the start of the day. This is an example of ___-____ ___________

A

long-term habituation

90
Q

In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ indicates _____.

a. 0; total suppression
b. .5; total suppression
c. .5; partial suppression
d. 1; no suppression

A

0; total suppression

91
Q

The reflexive action of a dog pricking up its ears in response to a sound is an example of a(n) ________ response

A

orienting

92
Q

In blocking, a compound stimulus consisting of ______ is paired with a US.

a. two NSs
b. an NS and CS
c. a higher-order CS and a lower-order CS
d. two CSs

A

b. an NS and CS

93
Q

I’m much less afraid of my pet spider than I am of strange spiders. This is best described as an example of the effect of ______ _________

A

latent inhibition

94
Q

When Bobby was little, his mother used to tell him, “Be polite,” and then slap him. As an adult, Bobby feels anxious whenever he overhears a mother tell her child, “Say thank you.” This seems to be an example of

a. spontaneous recovery
b. semantic recovery
c. semantic generalization
d. stimulus discrimination

A

c. semantic generalization

95
Q

Following an experience in which you were stung by a bee and subsequently developed a fear of bees, you are hired for a one-day job with a biologist in which your task is to catch bees. During the day, you never once get stung by a bee. As a result, your fear of bees will likely decrease, which is a process known as ____________

A

extinction

96
Q

The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of _______ __________

A

stimulus generalisation

97
Q

People in general more easily acquire a fear of snakes than of birds. This is an example of the effect of ______. Certain people more easily acquire a fear of snakes than do other people. This is an example of the effect of ______.

a. US revaluation; preparedness
b. temperament; preparedness
c. preparedness; US revaluation
d. preparedness; temperament

A

d. preparedness; temperament

98
Q

The ease with which an individual can acquire a conditioned fear response may be influenced by their base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation, which is known as ____________

A

Temperament

99
Q

The basic process involved in flooding appears to be

Select one:

a. dishabituation
b. counterconditioning
c. incubation
d. extinction

A

d. extinction

100
Q

What is the first elicited reaction in the opponent process theory of emotion?

A

the (a) primary response which is elicited by the stimulus

101
Q

_______ _________ is a learning process whereby innate behaviours may be produced in new situations

A

Classical Conditioning

102
Q

The US is sought out in __________ conditioning

A

appetitive

103
Q

The US is avoided in __________ conditioning

A

aversive

104
Q

_________ conditioning for example is where we fear a dog and get scared, BUT when the dogs owner is present we dont have to be fearful. There presence leads to a reduction in our fear response

A

Inhibitory conditioning

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