Week 3: Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards
An _______ behaviour is one that is automatically drawn out by a certain stimulus
elicited
A _______ is a relatively simple, automatic response to stimulus
reflex
The ______ response - a defensive reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus
Startle response
________ response - automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending to a stimulus
orientating
A _______ ___ is a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neutron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron
reflex arc
A ______ ________ pattern is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus
A fixed action pattern
The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a ____ stimulus (or releaser)
sign stimulus
__________: Decrease in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
Habituation
___________: Increase in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
Sensitisation
__________: Habituated responses can also reappear following the presentation of a seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus
Dishabituation
A Low-intensity stimulus results in ____________
A high-intensity stimulus results in _____________
habituation; sensitisation
The ________-__________ theory proposes that an emotional event elicits _ competing processes: (1) an a-process that is directly elicited by the event, (2) and a b-process that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process
The Opponent-Process theory; 2
In the opponent-process theory is the a or b-process the opponent process?
b-processl to counteract the a-process
The _-process correlates closely with the presence of the emotional event:
The _-process is slow to increase and slow to decrease
a;b
With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process increases in both __________ and __________
strength; duration
___________ _____________ is a process in which one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does, as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response
Classical conditioning
respondent behaviours are the elicited behaviours in ___________ ____________
classical conditioning
Each pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is called conditioning ________
trial
The ______________ ____________ is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response
unconditioned stimulus
The ___________ ____________ is the response that is naturally elicited by the US
unconditioned response
The ____________ _______________ is any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
The __________ ____________ is the response, often similar to the UR, that is elicited by the CS
conditioned response
In ___________ conditioning, the US is an event that the organism will generally approach or seek out
appetitive conditioning
In _________ conditioning, the US is an event that an organism generally avoids
Aversive conditioning
Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as ________ conditioning
excitatory conditioning
Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal or a US is known as ___________ conditioning
inhibitory conditioning
In _________ conditioning, the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap
delayed conditioning
In _______ condition, the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US
trace conditioning
The period of time between the US and NS is the ______________ interval
interstimulus interval
In ___________ conditioning, the onset of the NS and the onset of the US occur simultaneously
simultaneous conditioning
In _____________ conditioning, the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US
backwards
___________ conditioning is considered the least effective procedure for conditioning
Backwards conditioning
____________ is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition
The maximum amount of conditioning that cane take place in a particular situation is known as the ______ of conditioning
asymptote
In general, more intense _________ ______ produce stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less intense US’s
unconditioned stimulus
__________: a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US
Extinction
____________ ____________ is the reappearance of a conditioned repose to a CS following a rest period after extinction
Spontaneous recovery
____________ is the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced
Disinhibition
_____________ _________________: the tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS
Stimulus generalisation
____________ ______________ is the generalisation of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS
Semantic generalisation
_________ behaviour: (involuntary) behaviour drawn out by certain stimulus
Elicited behaviour
Survival reflexes:
- ________ response
- O__________ response
- F_________ __________
- Vomiting reflex
Startle; Orienting response; Flexion response
_________ __________ patterns: Fixed sequences of responses elicited by a stimulus (releaser)
Fixed Action Patterns
____________: Decrease in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
Habituation
___________: Increase in strength of elicited behaviour through repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
Sensitisation
If the intensity of a stimulus is high, we are likely to see ____________ towards a stimulus
sensitisation
If the intensity of a stimulus in low, we are likely to see _________ towards a stimulus
habituation
Classical conditioning is an ___________ learning process
associative
_____________ reflex: Consists of an unconditional stimulus and unconditional response
Unconditional reflex
conditional _________: Consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response
conditional reflex
_____-________ ___________: the time between the presentation of a CS and the UCS, and the order of presentation
Inter-Stimulus interval
What is the most effective type of Classical conditioning?
Delayed
The US is sought out in ____________ conditioning
appetitive conditioning
The US is avoided in _____________ conditioning
aversive conditoning
______________ conditioning: Process through which NS becomes CS
Excitatory conditioning
____________ conditioning: Process through which another CS inhibits response
Inhibitory conditoning
___________: The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditional stimulus
Extinction
Extinction is not an _________ of the conditioned response
unlearning
________ _____________: The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
__________ _____________: when a subject that has learnt a response to a specific stimulus does not response to a new similar stimuli
Stimulus discrimination
_____________ _______________: Stimulus previously associated with CS can become a CS
Sensory preconditioning
Sensory preconditioning is a form of _______ learning
Latent learning
_______-_______ conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS
higher-order conditioning
In _________ _____________: one stimulus is conditioned as a CS another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS
sensory conditoning
A __________ stimulus consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli
Compound stimulus
In _____________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS
overshadowing
In ______ _________, a familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar stimulus
latent inhibition
____________ conditioning is a form of classical conditoning in which the CS is the passage of time
Temporal conditoning
E___________ I____________: the presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus produces a decrease in the strength of the CR
External Inhibition
US _____________: is the post conditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, thereby altering the strength of response to the previously conditioned CS
reevaluation
__________ learning: Learning to link two events that occur close together
Associative learning
A _______ ____ consists of a neural structure that consists of a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron
reflex arc
The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is known as a _____ stimulus
sign stimulus
Is “fight/flight response” a reflex or flexion?
Reflex
Repeated low intensity stimuli can lead to Hab________
habituation
Repeated high intensity stimuli can lead to sen________
sensitisation
In opponent-process theory, is the b-process elicited by the event or the a-process or the c-process?
The a-process
U___________ R________: consists of an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
Unconditional reflex
C_________ R_________: consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response
Conditional reflex
A (higher/lower) suppression ratio indicates greater suppression
lower (0 is more suppressed than .33)
Conditioning in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US is known as E_________ C_________
excitatory conditioning
________ proceeds rapidly during early conditioning trials, then gradually levels off
acquisition
_____-_______ conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS
Higher-order conditioning
In ____________ preconditioning, when on stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously associated can also become a CS
sensory conditioning
In ___________, the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby interferes with conditioning of the least salient member
overshadowing
___________ __________: a stimulus signals if CS is likely to be followed by US and thereby produce a CR
Occasion setting
_________ ____________: is a form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time
Temporal conditioning
Fixed action patterns are sometimes called s_____-s______ behaviors because they are often unique to a certain species.
Species - specific
The workers in a factory hardly notice the noise, even at the start of the day. This is an example of ___-____ ___________
long-term habituation
In a suppression ratio, a value of _____ indicates _____.
a. 0; total suppression
b. .5; total suppression
c. .5; partial suppression
d. 1; no suppression
0; total suppression
The reflexive action of a dog pricking up its ears in response to a sound is an example of a(n) ________ response
orienting
In blocking, a compound stimulus consisting of ______ is paired with a US.
a. two NSs
b. an NS and CS
c. a higher-order CS and a lower-order CS
d. two CSs
b. an NS and CS
I’m much less afraid of my pet spider than I am of strange spiders. This is best described as an example of the effect of ______ _________
latent inhibition
When Bobby was little, his mother used to tell him, “Be polite,” and then slap him. As an adult, Bobby feels anxious whenever he overhears a mother tell her child, “Say thank you.” This seems to be an example of
a. spontaneous recovery
b. semantic recovery
c. semantic generalization
d. stimulus discrimination
c. semantic generalization
Following an experience in which you were stung by a bee and subsequently developed a fear of bees, you are hired for a one-day job with a biologist in which your task is to catch bees. During the day, you never once get stung by a bee. As a result, your fear of bees will likely decrease, which is a process known as ____________
extinction
The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of _______ __________
stimulus generalisation
People in general more easily acquire a fear of snakes than of birds. This is an example of the effect of ______. Certain people more easily acquire a fear of snakes than do other people. This is an example of the effect of ______.
a. US revaluation; preparedness
b. temperament; preparedness
c. preparedness; US revaluation
d. preparedness; temperament
d. preparedness; temperament
The ease with which an individual can acquire a conditioned fear response may be influenced by their base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation, which is known as ____________
Temperament
The basic process involved in flooding appears to be
Select one:
a. dishabituation
b. counterconditioning
c. incubation
d. extinction
d. extinction
What is the first elicited reaction in the opponent process theory of emotion?
the (a) primary response which is elicited by the stimulus
_______ _________ is a learning process whereby innate behaviours may be produced in new situations
Classical Conditioning
The US is sought out in __________ conditioning
appetitive
The US is avoided in __________ conditioning
aversive
_________ conditioning for example is where we fear a dog and get scared, BUT when the dogs owner is present we dont have to be fearful. There presence leads to a reduction in our fear response
Inhibitory conditioning
