Week 11 Biological Dispositions in Learning Flashcards
_____________: An innate biological tendency to learn certain types of associations more easily
Preparedness
______ conditioning: an inherited predisposition to fear some stimuli more than others (a snake more than a rock)
Fear conditioning
_______ _________ conditioning: a form of classical conditioning in which a food item that has been paired with gastrointestinal illness becomes a conditioned aversive stimuli
taste aversion conditioning
Preparedness features consistent with other types of classical conditioning:
- Gen_________
- Ex__________
- Ov_________
Generalisation; Extinction; Overshadowing
P__________ can explain why phobias are so easily acquired
preparedness
In taste aversion, S_________ G____________ can occur when food items that taste similar to the aversive item are also perceived as aversive
Stimulus Generalisation
_____-_______ conditioning of taste aversions is higher adaptive so there is no repeat to poisonous substances
One-trial conditioning
CS-US __________: an innate tendency to more readily associate certain types of stimuli with each other
CS-US relevance
(Men/Women) are more prone to developing taste aversions
Women
What is the evidence for biological constraints in operant conditioning?
Avoidance behaviours
__________ responses are not operants but rather elicited behaviours
Avoidance responses
Aversive stimuli elicit SSDRs. what are they?
Species-specific defence reactions
A rats natural reaction to fear is to _________
freeze
I_______ D______: When a classically conditioned behaviour pattern interferes with an operant behaviour that was being reinforced
Instinctive Drift
S___ T_________: an organism approaches a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event
Sign Tracking
____ _________: an organism approaches a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event
Sign Tracking
______________: a type of sign tracking in which a pigeon comes to automatically peck at a key because the key light has been associated with the response-independent delivery of food
Autoshaping
__________ ____________: an excessive pattern of behaviour that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behaviours
Adjunctive Behaviour
Adjunctive Behaviours occur ____________
immediately
Adjunctive Behaviours are affected by de_________
deprivation
Greater deprivation = stronger a_________ b_________
adjunctive behaviour
Can adjunctive behaviours function as reinforcers or punishment?
reinforcers
_________ __________ might be to reduce boredom while waiting for a reinforcer
Reduce boredom
Adjunctive behaviours represent a type of ___________ activity
displacement activity
__________ _______ : an apparently irrelevant activity sometimes displayed by animals when confronted by conflict or throated from attaining a goal
Displacement activity
_________ _________ can be seen as a natural tendency to do something else while waiting for a reinforcer
Adjunctive behaviour
Activity _________ : a pattern of excessive activity and low food intake resulting from a restricted food supply
Activity Anorexia
When access to ______ is restricted, rats spend increasing amounts of time running during the interval meal periods (activity anorexia)
food
In ______ ________ the more they run, the less they eat
activity anorexia
Activity anorexia involves both H________ and N____________
hormones; neurotransmitters
Some research suggests that both activity anorexia in rats and humans might be maintained by what is essentially an addiction to an __________ high
endorphine high
_________ _________ theory: an animals behaviour is organised into certain systems or categories, with each system containing a set of responses that can become activated in certain situations
Behaviour Systems Theory
Each Behaviour system (in the theory) incorporates a number of _________ sets (fixed action patterns)
response sets
