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Practice exam Flashcards

1
Q
  1. If a certain diet affects the extent to which one is likely to acquire a certain disease, then there is a(n) _____ relationship between the diet and the disease.

a) operational
b) mechanistic
c) functional
d) independent

A

c) functional

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2
Q
  1. Bev was quite successful with her diet, while Wilf was terribly unsuccessful. One explanation for this difference is that Wilf has a(n) _____ delay function for the positive effects of dieting as compared to Bev.

a) more linear
b) less deeply scalloped
c) S-shaped
d) more deeply scalloped

A

d) more deeply scalloped

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3
Q
  1. On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a _____ of response.

a) flat line; high rate
b) steep line; lack of
c) shallow line; low rate
d) both b and c.

A

c) shallow line; low rate

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4
Q
  1. When we quickly withdraw our hand from a sharp object we do so because of messages that are:

a) sent through the cerebellum and then routed through the amygdala.
b) routed directly through the spinal cord (with no involvement of the brain).
c) sent through the hippocampus and then routed through the thalamus.
d) sent through the amygdala and then routed through the thalamus.

A

b) routed directly through the spinal cord (with no involvement of the brain).

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5
Q
  1. Wesley finds that the creaking sound of chalk on a blackboard sends shivers up his spine. Moreover, the longer the sound persists, the more aversive it becomes. This is best described as an example of

a) dishabituation.
b) disinhibition.
c) habituation.
d) sensitization.

A

d) sensitization.

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6
Q
  1. When I see bullies, my feeling of fear is strongest almost immediately after seeing them. This is because:

a) the b-process is strongest at the outset.
b) the a-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the b-process.
c) the b-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the a-process.
d) the effects of the a- and b-process are at that point additive.

A

c) the b-process is not yet strong enough to moderate the a-process.

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7
Q
  1. The suppression ratio consists of the number of _____ divided by the number of _____.

a) CS responses; US responses
b) CS responses; pre-CS responses
c) Pre-CS responses; CS responses plus pre-CS responses
d) CS responses; CS responses plus pre-CS responses
suppression ratio consists of the number of _____ divided by the number of _____.

A

d) CS responses; CS responses plus pre-CS responses

suppression ratio consists of the number of _____ divided by the number of _____.

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8
Q
  1. The red belly of the male Stickleback fish is a _____ stimulus for an aggressive display by another male.
    a) sign
    b) reflex
    c) conditioned
    d) modal
A

a) sign

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9
Q
  1. Vollmer and Bourret’s (2000) discovery that the proportion of two- versus three-point shots attempted by basketball players matches the proportion of points obtained from such shots suggests that shot-making in basketball is to some extent reinforced on a _____ schedule.

a) VR
b) VI
c) VT
d) DRH

A

b) VI

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10
Q
  1. Debbie suffers from insomnia whenever she drinks coffee during the evening. Another way of saying this is that her insomnia is _____ upon coffee drinking.

a) spatially contiguous
b) contingent
c) covariable
d) functionally contiguous

A

b) contingent

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11
Q
  1. Two year-old Sarah likes to snuggle up to the pillow that her mother uses. This seems most similar to the phenomenon of
    a) adjunctive behavior.
    b) instinctive drift.
    c) sign-tracking.
    d) autoshaping.
A

c) sign-tracking.

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12
Q 
12. While drinking with his friends, Gunther tends to pick at the label on his beer bottle. This is best described as
an example of
a) resurgence. 
b) sign-tracking.
c)  adjunctive behavior.
d)  spontaneous recovery.
A

c) adjunctive behavior.

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13
Q
  1. The term ____ refers to the reappearance of a CR following a rest period after extinction.
    a) spontaneous reacquisition
    b) reacquisition
    c) spontaneous recovery
    d) disinhibition
A

c) spontaneous recovery

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14
Q
  1. While sitting in a room that had a very bad smell, Marcie read a story about snakes. Afterwards, in a different room, Marcie wrinkled her nose when she saw the word cobra. This is an example of

a) stimulus discrimination.
b) semantic generalization.
c) olfactory discrimination.
d) olfactory generalization.

A

b) semantic generalization.

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15
Q
  1. Sensory preconditioning can be considered as a demonstration of

a) latent inhibition.
b) latent learning.
c) S-R learning.
d) both b and c

A

b) latent learning.

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16
Q
  1. As an adjunctive behavior, smoking while studying can be viewed as a(n)
    a) type of built-in self-control device.
    b) form of self-punishment.
    c) fixed action pattern.
    d) form of sign-tracking.
A

a) type of built-in self-control device.

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17
Q
  1. One group of rats is exposed to a conditioning procedure in which a tone and a shock are consistently paired, while another group is exposed to a procedure in which the tone and shock are not paired. The subsequent strength of responding to the tone by the rats in the second group represents the effect of
    a) sensory preconditioning.
    b) sensitization.
    c) conditioning.
    d) latent inhibition.
A

b) sensitization.

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18
Q
  1. With respect to the nature-nurture debate, _____ shifted over time toward becoming an extreme proponent of the _____ perspective with respect to human behavior.
    a) Skinner; nurture
    b) Watson; nurture
    c) Skinner; nature
    d) Watson; nature
A

b) Watson; nurture

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19
Q
  1. According to the matching law, on a concurrent VI 10-sec VI 30-sec schedule of reinforcement, ______ of responses will be emitted on the VI 30-sec alternative.
    a) 25%
    b) 33.3%
    c) 75%
    d) 66.7%
A

a) 25%

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20
Q
  1. The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking:

a) gradually.
compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking
b) suddenly.
c) in a smoking-related environment.
d) in an environment not related to smoking.

A

d) in an environment not related to smoking.

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21
Q
  1. “That which works remains; that which doesn’t work is eliminated.” This statement reflects the principle of:
    a) classical conditioning
    b) natural selection.
    c) operant conditioning.
    d) both b and c.
A

a) classical conditioning

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22
Q
  1. Dolphins are similar to chimpanzees as suitable subjects for language training because:
    a) they are one of the few species that communicate.
    b) their don’t show fear.
    c) they have a self-concept.
    d) they live in close social groups and are highly intelligent.
A

d) they live in close social groups and are highly intelligent.

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23
Q
  1. The term self-control often refers to situations in which one chooses a _____ reward over a _____ reward. a) larger later; smaller sooner
    b) smaller sooner; larger later
    c) smaller later; larger sooner
    d) larger sooner; smaller later
A

a) larger later; smaller sooner

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24
Q
  1. In assessing a person’s sleep patterns, you include a measure of how long it takes before the person falls asleep after he or she goes to bed. This would be regarded as a(n) _____ measure of their sleep behavior.
    a) speed
    b) intensity
    c) topography
    d) latency
A

d) latency

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25
Q
  1. In assessing a person’s sleep patterns, you include a measure of how long it takes before the person falls asleep after he or she goes to bed. This would be regarded as a(n) _____ measure of their sleep behavior.
    a) speed
    b) intensity
    c) topography
    d) latency
A

d) latency

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26
Q
  1. Developing an aversion to lettuce and tomato sandwiches after hearing a story about someone who once found a spider in such a sandwich is analogous to the treatment procedure known as
    a) covert sensitization.
    b) imaginal desensitization.
    c) imaginal flooding.
    d) covert flooding.
A

a) covert sensitization.

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27
Q
  1. With his puzzle box experiments, Thorndike discovered that learning is usually a(n) ______ process.
    a) sudden
    b) unpredictable
    c) stressful
    d) gradual
A

d) gradual

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28
Q
  1. Karl plays cards for several hours a day, and spends only a few minutes studying. According to the Premack principle:

a) playing cards could be used as a reinforcer for studying.
b) studying could be used as a reinforcer for playing cards.
c) playing cards could be used as a punisher for studying.
d) studying could be used as a reinforce for playing cards and playing cards could be used as a punisher for
studying.

A

a) playing cards could be used as a reinforcer for studying.

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29
Q
  1. In one study, a rolling marble that predicted the delivery of food seemed to elicit the _____ component of the rat’s feeding system.
    a) predatory
    b) consumatory
    c) social
    d) exploratory
A

a) predatory

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30
Q
  1. The operant response is properly described as a(n)
    a) emitted behavior.
    b) contrived behavior.
    c) covert behavior.
    d) elicited behavior.
    operant response is properly described as a(n)
A

a) emitted behavior.

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31
Q
  1. When Pedro punched his sister, she punched him back. He never again punched her. This seems to be an example of what process?
    a) positive punishment
    b) negative reinforcement
    c) positive reinforcement
    d) negative punishment
A

a) positive punishment

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32
Q
  1. On the basis of some research conducted on ways of overcoming learned helplessness, a useful treatment for a student who has difficulty solving math problems might be to:

a) clearly inform the student whenever he is successful.
b) flood him with unsolvable math problems.
c) remove the pressure by telling him that he is in fact poor at math.
d) provide the student with a stimulant.

A

a) clearly inform the student whenever he is successful.

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33
Q
  1. Ben immediately takes a liking to Jan after learning that she is a friend of the famous pop artist, Alicia Keys, whom he has always adored. This situation seems most analogous to the process of:

a) US revaluation.
b) higher-order conditioning.
c) blocking.
d) temporal conditioning.

A

b) higher-order conditioning.

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34
Q
  1. Joanna does not feed her dog during the day so as to ensure that he will eat all of his dinner that evening. This
    is an example of:

a) shaping.
b) negative punishment.
c) extinction.
d) an establishing operation.

A

d) an establishing operation.

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35
Q
  1. Food usually functions as a(n) ____ reinforcer while a light that has been paired with food functions as a(n) ____ reinforcer:

a) generalized; discriminative
b) extrinsic; intrinsic
c) primary; secondary
d) secondary; primary

A

c) primary; secondary

36
Q
  1. “The better you do, the more I expect.” This best describes a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
    a) noncontingent
    b) VR
    c) response rate
    d) adjusting
A

b) VR

37
Q
  1. A rat prefers to spend one hour wheel running and 30 minutes grooming per day. A contingency is now imposed in which it must spend 30 minutes grooming to obtain 30 minutes of access to the wheel. As a result, it will:

a) be able to reach its behavioral bliss point.
b) experience a reduction in incentive motivation.
c) experience a reduction in drive.
d) be unable to reach its behavioral bliss point.

A

d) be unable to reach its behavioral bliss point.

38
Q
  1. Kathy used to pay attention to her daughter, Lisa, whenever she threw a tantrum. She then realized that this
    was reinforcing Lisa’s tantrums, and so decided to start ignoring them. This is an example of:

a) negative punishment.
b) negative reinforcement.
c) an extinction process.
d) an extinction procedure.

A

d) an extinction procedure.

39
Q
  1. Shazia wishes to stop her 5 year-old daughter from pulling the cat’s tail. To do so most effectively, she should

a) start with a very mild reprimand and then gradually increase its severity.
b) accompany the reprimand with an explanation.
c) leave the child alone when she sees her treating the cat well.
d) all of these

A

b) accompany the reprimand with an explanation.

40
Q
  1. Jill trains her dog to come when she snaps her fingers. In this example, finger snapping is a(n)

a) positive reinforcer.
b) conditioned stimulus.
c) unconditioned stimulus.
d) discriminative stimulus.

A

d) discriminative stimulus.

41
Q
  1. When the Brelands attempted to shape a raccoon to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the raccoon’s behavior of rubbing it between its paws.
    a) SD
    b) SR
    c) US
    d) CS
A

d) CS

42
Q
  1. Aristotle’s laws of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning.
    a) contiguity; proximity
    b) frequency; similarity
    c) contrast; contingency
    d) frequency; contiguity
A

d) frequency; contiguity

43
Q
  1. According to ____ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR.
    a) stimulus-stimulus
    b) stimulus-substitution
    c) Rescorla-Wagner
    d) preparatory response
A

b) stimulus-substitution

44
Q
  1. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, Albert’s fear of the ____ was regarded as evidence of stimulus generalization.
    a) rat.
    b) loud noise.
    c) Santa Claus mask.
    d) steel bar.
A

c) Santa Claus mask.

45
Q
  1. Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner’s results when he attempted to condition his little daughter to become fearful of some inanimate objects. This provided some of the earliest evidence for the importance of ____ in phobic development.
    a) selective sensitization
    b) incubation
    c) observational learning
    d) preparedness
A

d) preparedness

46
Q
  1. “I don’t think about an upcoming exam so that I won’t get anxious.” This pattern of behavior probably evolved as a function of what process?
    a) positive reinforcement
    b) extinction
    c) positive punishment
    d) negative punishment
A

c) positive punishment

47
Q
  1. During exam time, Dilbert finds that he becomes particularly fearful of going out for walks at night. This is best described as an example of
    a) US revaluation.
    b) selective sensitization.
    c) incubation.
    d) preparedness.
A

b) selective sensitization.

48
Q
  1. Judit is asked to report her precise thought patterns as she plans her next move in chess. This is an example of the method of
    a) cognitive perception
    b) attentive perception
    c) cognitive elucidation
    d) introspection
A

d) introspection

49
Q
  1. Factors that influence whether we will perform a modeled behavior include
    a) consequences to the model’s behavior.
    b) consequences to our behavior.
    c) our reinforcement history for performing such behaviors.
    d) all of these
A

d) all of these

50
Q
  1. When Bernadette glanced into the video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of
    a) stimulus enhancement.
    b) vicarious imitation.
    c) true imitation.
    d) stimulus sensitization.
A

a) stimulus enhancement.

51
Q
  1. A good way to teach an ape sign language is to:
    a) demonstrate the sign while performing the action.
    b) shape the correct action using food as a reinforcer.
    c) shape the correct action using attention as a reinforcer.
    d) punish the occurrence of incorrect actions.
A

a) demonstrate the sign while performing the action.

52
Q
  1. “If you eat well, you will be healthy “ is an example of a(n)
    a) instruction.
    b) rule.
    c) norm.
    d) standard.
A

b) rule.

53
Q
  1. Resistance to extinction can be _____ by providing _____.
    a) lowered; an occasional reinforcer
    b) lowered; a discriminative stimulus for extinction
    c) raised; a discriminative stimulus for extinction
    d) both a and c are correct
A

b) lowered; a discriminative stimulus for extinction

54
Q
  1. The use of self-promises as a commitment device can be facilitated by:

a) never failing to carry out such promises.
b) stating such promises in a distinctive manner.
c) both never failing to carry out such promises and stating such promises in a distinctive manner
d) none of these

A

c) both never failing to carry out such promises and stating such promises in a distinctive manner

55
Q
  1. Errorless discrimination training as a training tool for education should probably be restricted to subject matter that is
    a) abstract rather than concrete.
    b) qualitative rather than quantitative.
    c) quantitative rather than qualitative.
    d) unlikely to be modified at a later point in time.
A

d) unlikely to be modified at a later point in time.

56
Q
  1. Your parrot often squawks for hours at a time. A stimulus control procedure for eliminating this tendency is to:

a) reinforce squawking only when you provide a signal for the bird to do so.
b) reinforce squawking on a CRF schedule.
c) reinforce squawking on an intermittent schedule.
d) ignore the bird for several days, whether it squawks or not.

A

a) reinforce squawking only when you provide a signal for the bird to do so.

57
Q
  1. Each evening, Sal watches The Simpsons from 8:00-8:30 followed by Family Guy from 8:30-9:00. This pattern
    is most similar to which type of schedule?

a) variable ratio
b) mixed
c) multiple
d) chained

A

c) multiple

58
Q
  1. On a discrimination training task with pigeons, key pecks are reinforced in the presence of the _____ and not in the presence of the _____.
    a) S∆; SD
    b) SD; SR
    c) SR; SP
    d) SD; S∆
A

d) SD; S∆

59
Q
  1. This schedule produces a moderate, steady rate of response with little or no post-reinforcement pause.

a) fixed ratio
b) fixed interval
c) variable ratio
d) variable interval

A

d) variable interval

60
Q
  1. The major problem with the use of self-punishment is that one may:

a) perform the forbidden behavior and not deliver the punisher.
b) short-circuit the contingency.
c) suffer too much stress.
d) both a and b are correct

A

d) both a and b are correct

61
Q
  1. In a series of twenty intervals, John bites his nails the following number of times: 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2,
    1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0. Using an interval recording procedure, the overall level of nailbiting is calculated as
    a) 1.0
    b) 20
    c) 100%
    d) 75%
A

d) 75%

62
Q
  1. Suzie notices that her daughter Nina loves to play piano. Suzie decides to encourage her further by promising to pay her a dollar for every extra hour of piano practice in the evening. Chances are that Nina’s intrinsic interest in playing the piano will likely
    a) decrease.
    b) increase.
    c) remain unchanged.
    d) both increase and remain unchanged
A

a) decrease.

63
Q
  1. The advantages of using a click or whistle as a secondary reinforcer during shaping include
    a) it can be delivered immediately following the correct behavior.
    b) the animal will not satiate upon it.
    c) both a and b
    d) neither a nor b
A

c) bothaandb

64
Q
  1. The most “exciting” romantic relationship would likely be one that is being maintained on a ____ schedule.
    a) DRL
    b) variable ratio
    c) fixed ratio
    d) fixed time
A

b) variable ratio

65
Q
  1. Sol was harassed by a couple of bullies while walking home from school one day. Although the two bullies were equally abusive, he developed a much stronger fear of the bully whom he had never seen before. This seems to be an example of
    a) latent inhibition.
    b) blocking.
    c) higher order.
    d) sensory preconditioning.
A

a) latent inhibition.

66
Q
  1. The pigeon must turn circles continuously for an average of 10 seconds in order to earn access to food. This is an example of a _____ schedule.
    a) variable time
    b) variable interval
    c) variable ratio
    d) variable duration
A

d) variable duration

67
Q
  1. Julie finds that by focusing on the strangely dressed man in the front aisle, her stage fright is somewhat alleviated. The is best described as an example of
    a) disinhibition
    b) dishabituation
    c) external inhibition
    d) external habituation
A

c) external inhibition

68
Q
  1. Donna refuses to go to the park in the summer when wasps are most numerous. This illustrates what critical factor in the maintenance of phobic behavior?
    a) classical conditioning
    b) reducing the effort of avoiding the feared event
    c) increasing the effort of avoiding the feared event
    d) intermittent negative reinforcement
A

b) reducing the effort of avoiding the feared event

69
Q
  1. For Salima, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, checking the apartment door to make sure it is locked results in a(n) ______ in feelings of ______.
    a) increase; pleasure
    b) increase; competence
    c) increase; anxiety
    d) decrease; anxiety
A

d) decrease; anxiety

70
Q
  1. Making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is an attempted ______ procedure, while turning off the television for being too noisy is an attempted ______ procedure.
    a) response cost; time-out
    b) time-out; response cost
    c) negative punishment; positive punishment
    d) positive punishment; negative punishment
A

b) time-out; response cost

71
Q
  1. Yesterday morning at the bus stop, Joseph just happened to be leaning against the bus stop sign when the bus finally arrived. This morning, Joseph spent a lot of time leaning against the sign. This seems to be an example of a(n) ____ behavior that has been reinforced on a(n) ____ schedule.
    a) adjunctive; VI
    b) adjunctive; VT
    c) superstitious; VI
    d) superstitious; VT
A

d) superstitious; VT

72
Q
  1. The use of punishment can be quite seductive in that it often results in a(n)
    a) immediate negative reinforcer.
    b) delayed negative reinforcer.
    c) immediate positive reinforcer.
    d) delayed positive reinforcer.
A

a) immediate negative reinforcer.

73
Q
  1. On a concurrent VI 15-sec VI 45-sec schedule, the pigeon responded twice as often on the VI 15-sec alternative. This is an example of
    a) matching.
    b) undermatching.
    c) overmatching.
    d) bias.
A

b) undermatching.

74
Q
  1. Charlie the chimp watched as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opened a door and pulled a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie had duplicated the feat. This seems to be an example of
    a) stimulus enhancement.
    b) true imitation.
    c) either stimulus enhancement or true imitation is possible.
    d) none of these
A

c) either stimulus enhancement or true imitation is possible.

75
Q
  1. I am most likely to make a commitment response to go running this evening
    a) when I wake up in the morning.
    b) around noon.
    c) just prior to the run.
    d) when I feel strongly tempted to do something other than running.
A

a) when I wake up in the morning.

76
Q
  1. Reference is the ability
    a) to string together a meaningful set of words.
    b) to generate an infinite number of expressions.
    c) to use arbitrary symbols to refer to objects and events.
    d) to refer to objects and events that are not present.
A

c) to use arbitrary symbols to refer to objects and events.

77
Q
  1. When you describe your emotions or other covert responses to another person, you are making use of the _____ aspect of language.
    a) semantic
    b) reference
    c) syntax
    d) grammar
A

a) semantic

78
Q
  1. The small-but-cumulative effects model points out that we are always confronted with temptation, so it is important to establish

a) a relapse-prevention plan
b) rules that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior
c) both a relapse prevention plan and rules that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior
d) neither a relapse prevention plan nor rules that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior

A

c) both a relapse prevention plan and rules that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior

79
Q
  1. No longer getting a cookie is to _____ as removal of a cookie is to _____.

a) extinction; negative punishment
b) extinction; positive punishment
c) positive punishment; negative punishment
d) negative punishment; positive punishment

A

a) extinction; negative punishment

80
Q
  1. As an example of _____, it is easier for pigeon to learn to avoid shock _____.

a) preparedness; by key pecking than by flying
b) instinctive drift; by flying than by key pecking
c) preparedness; by flying than by key pecking
d) sign-tracking; by key pecking than by flying

A

c) preparedness; by flying than by key pecking

81
Q
  1. After injuring his knee while rollerblading, Jared spends the rest of his summer playing computer games and swimming so that he will not get another injury. This example fits best with the

a) Premack approach.
b) drive theory of punishment.
c) avoidance theory of punishment.
d) conditioned suppression theory of punishment.

A

c) avoidance theory of punishment.

82
Q
  1. Deanna becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of roast beef (which is highly familiar to her) and vegetable samosas (which are novel). She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to __________ as a result of ________________.
    a) roast beef; blocking
    b) roast beef; latent inhibition
    c) samosas; overshadowing
    d) samosas; latent inhibition
A

d) samosas; latent inhibition

83
Q
  1. Schedule-induced polydipsia can be produced by exposing rats to a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement of _____.
    a) VR 180; lever pressing for food
    b) VI 180-sec; water drinking
    c) FT 180-sec; water drinking
    d) FI 180-sec; lever pressing for food.
A

d) FI 180-sec; lever pressing for food.

84
Q
  1. The pigeon has to peck the key 10 times and step on the treadle, not necessarily in that order, in order to earn food. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule.
    a) chained
    b) adjusting
    c) multiple
    d) conjunctive
A

d) conjunctive

85
Q 
What are the four key processes of Social Cognitive Theory?
1 A\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
2 R\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3 M\_\_\_\_ P\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4 M\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Attentionl Retentional; Motor Reproductive; Motivational

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