Week 2: Chapter 2 Flashcards
A _________ is a characteristic of a person, place or thing that can change over time or from one situation to another
variable
In behavioural research, the dependent variable is almost always some __________, and the independent variable is some ___________ event that is presumed to influence the DV
behaviour; environmental
The relationship between the changes in the IV and DV is known as the ________ ________
functional relationship
Can a functional relationship be likened to a cause-and-effect relationship
Yes
A _________ is any event that can potentially influence behaviour, whereas a ________ is a particular instance of behaviour
stimulus; response
_______ behaviour is behaviour that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behaviour
Overt Behaviour
_______ behaviour is behaviour that can be perceived only by the person performing the behaviour
Covert behaviour
An __________ stimulus is an event that an organism will seek out
appetitive
An _______ stimulus is an event that an organism will avoid
Aversive
A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus is called an __________ __________
establishing operation
__________ is the prolonged absence of an event, which often increases the appetitiveness of that event
Deprivation
_______ refers to the prolonged exposure to an event, which often decreases the appetitiveness of that event
Satiation
___________ contiguity is the extent to which events occur close tougher in time
temporal
________ contiguity is the extent to which events are situated close to each other in space
spatial
___________ is a predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of another
contingency
____ of _________: the frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time
rate of response
A _________ recorder is a classic devise that measures the total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behaviour
cumulative
__________ research involves simply describing the behaviour and the situation in which an event occurs
descriptive
___________ _____________ involves the systematic observation and recording of behaviour in its natural environment
Naturalistic observation
_________ : a branch of zoology that focuses on the study of inherited behaviour patterns in animals
Ethology
A __________ design is a type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables
comparative design
In a simple - __________ design, behaviour in a baseline condition is compared to behaviour in a treatment condition
comparison
In single - comparison designs, the phase A is the _________ and phase B is the _________ phase
Baseline; Treatment
The ________ design is a type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period
reversal design
Two advantages of using animals in research are the ability to control their _______ makeup and their _________ history
genetic; learning
A common method for measuring behaviour is to _________ and _____ it
observe; track
___________ variable:
- Manipulated
- Environmental event (e.g. stimuli)
Independent
_________ variable:
-Behavioural response
dependent
Stimulus:
- __________ (seek out)
- _____________ (avoid)
Appetitive; Aversive
___________: an instance of a behaviour
response
__________ operations: a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event
Motivating
___________ operation: ‘depriving an animal of food’ leads to INCREASES in the appetitiveness of food
Establishing
__________ operation: ‘ Overfeeding (satiating) an anima’ leads to DECREASES the appetitiveness of food
Abolishing
_________ contiguity: extent to which events occur close together in time
Temporal
__________ contiguity: extent to which events are situated close to each other
Spatial contiguity
___________: predictive relationship between two events
contingency
“does not control for external influences” is a disadvantage of a ______-_______ design
single-subject
A = ________
B = _________
in a single-subject design
baseline; treatment
________ _______: A collection of related statements whose main function is to summarise and explain observations
Scientific Theory
________ operations: a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event
Motivating operation
___________ operation: (e.g.) Depriving an animal of food - increases the appetitiveness of food
Establishing operations
________ operations: (e.g.) overfeeding an animal - decreases appetitiveness of food
Abolishing operations
_______ means “closeness” or “nearness”
Contiguity
_________ is a predictive relationship between two events, such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of another
Contingency
__% is often regarded the minimum acceptable level of inter-observer reliability
80%
Can naturalistic observation determine causal effect?
No
IF you wanted to systematically change the response behaviour. What single subject design would you use?
Changing-Criterion
What are two advantages of a multiple baseline design?
- Treatment isn’t withdrawn as there are multiple people
- Good for treatments that produce permanent change
What are two disadvantages of multiple baseline designs?
- You need at least 2 + people;
- Treatment may generalise before we are ready
A small N, individualised treatment methods and no need for statistics are all advantages of a _________ design
reversal design
