Week 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards
________ is any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured
Behaviour
________ is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from some type of experience
Learning
Nativist is to _____ and empiricist is to ______
Nature; Nurture
Aristotle or Plato created the four laws of association?
Aristotle
What are the four laws of association?
The Law of Similarity;
The Law of Contrast;
The Law of Contiguity;
The Law of Frequency;
The Law of __________; events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other
Similarity
The Law of _________: Events that are opposite from each other are readily associated
Contrast
The Law of ________: Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated
Law of Contiguity
The Law of __________: the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated
Frequency
__________ assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it.
Structuralism
__________: the subject in an experiment attempts to accurately describe his or her conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences
Introspection
___________: assumes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes
Functionalism
The theory of E_________ had a profound influence on the development of behaviourism
evolution
Can evolutionary adaptions be behaviours or just physical capacities?
Behaviours
From an _________ perspective, the ability to learn evolved because it conferred significant survival advantages on those who had this ability
Evolutionary
Diversity within behaviourism:
- Watson’s __________ Behaviourism
- Hull’s Neobehaviourism
- ________’s Cognitive Behaviourism
- Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
- Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism
Methodological; Tolman’s
Diversity within behaviourism:
- Watson’s Methodological Behaviourism
- _____’ s Neobehaviourism
- Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism
- ________’s Social Learning Theory
- Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism
Hull; Bandura
_____________ behaviourism is sometimes applied to any approach that rejects the value of data gathered through introspection
Methological
___________ behaviourism assets that psychologists should study only those behaviours that can be directly observed
Methodological
Watson’s view on behaviour is that it is essentially ___________
reflexive
What were the three basic emotions that people are born with according to Watson?
Love; Rage; Fear
Hull’s neobehaviourism believed that it might likewise be useful to inter the existence on internal events that might ______ between the environment and behaviour
mediate
The mediating events that Hull incorporated into his theory consisted largely of _________-type reactions
physiological
___________ is a brand of behaviourism that utilises intervening variables, in the form of hypothesised physiological processes, to help explain behaviour.
Neobehaviourism
Hull believed that specific _______ (input) yielded specific ________ output
Stimuli; responses
A “________” theory is one in which it viewed behaviours as consisting of a long chain of specific responses connected to specific stimuli (S-R Theory)
`Molecular”
For _________; behaviour was an overall pattern of behaviour directed toward particular outcomes, and in can only be properly analysed at that level.
Tolman
Dolman’s intervening variables were more __________
mentalistic
_________ behaviourism utilises intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesised cognitive processes, to help explain behaviour
Cognitive
A cognitive ____ is a mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings
map
_______ learning: Learning occurs despite the absence of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions
Latent
______ _______ theory is a cognitive behavioural approach that strongly emphasises the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explains human behaviour
Social Learning
Reciprocal __________: environmental events, observable behaviour, and “person variables” are seen as having a reciprocal influence on each other
determinism
_________ behaviourism: Emphasises the influence of the environment on observable behaviour, rejects the use of internal events to explain behaviour, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviours that themselves need to be explained
Radical
In radical behaviourism, _______ behaviours were subject to the same learning laws as overt behaviours
covert
________ behaviourism views internal events, such as sensing, thinking, and feelings, as “covert” behaviours
Radical
_______________: deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behaviour
countercontrol
Ultimately, Skinner believed that the ___________ determines both internal events and external behaviours
environment
Skinner believed that only _______ behaviours (those that can be classically conditioned) are automatically elicited by stimuli that precede them)
reflexive
1 Watson's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ behaviourism 2 Hull's \_\_\_behaviourism 3 Tolman's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Behaviourism 4 Bandura's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theory 5 Skinner's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ behaviourism
Methodological; Neo; cognitive; Social learning theory; Radical
“Patterns of behaviour rather than a chain of S-R connections is important” is something that who would say?
Tolman and his cognitive behaviourism
________ learning: Leanring occurs despite absence of evidence of learning, apparent only under different conditions
Latent
Behaviour refers to ________ actions
observable
________ ___________ is a process by which certain inborn behaviours come to be produced in new situations
Classical Conditioning
_________ ____________ involves the strengthening or weakening of a behaviour as result of its consequences
Operant conditioning
________ can either be immediate or delayed
Learning
_________ believed that some behaviours were automated by that some could be controlled. Mind-body dualism
Descartes
Tabula rasa: all knowledge is a function of __________
experience
The ______ _________ believed that the conscious mind was composed of a finite set of basic elements that were combined through the principles of association
British empiricists
__________ believed that psychologists should not study the structure of the mind, but instead the adaptive significance of the mind
Functionalists
_______ psychology adheres to the law of parsimony
Behavioural
M__________ behaviourism argued that subjective activities were too difficult to assess
Methodological behaviourism
M__________ behaviourism adheres to a stimulus -> response theory
Methodological behaviourism
Watson believed that all human behaviour was ref______
reflexive
The most critical factor in determining expert performance is not innate ability but deliberate ___________
practice
The term “intervening variables” is associated with Hull’s ____________
neobehaviourism
intervening variables are largely Phy_________ is nature
physiological (hunger drive)
Was Hull’s neobehaviourism a S-R theory?
Yes, one Stimulus to one Response
The “cognitive map” is associated with which behaviourist theory?
Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism
_______ believed that the environment ultimately determines both external behaviour and internal events
Skinner
Steven once became terribly ill while visiting Chicago. As a result, whenever he visits Chicago, he thinks of the illness he suffered at that time. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of __________
association
Descartes believed that the behavior of a________ is entirely reflexive
animals
The law of __________ holds that simpler explanations are usually preferable explanations.
parsimony
Although Roberta just sits there throughout the lecture, she can afterwards repeat everything the professor said. This is an example of __________ learning
observational
Watson was a _______, while Skinner was a ________.:
a. radical behaviorist; methodological behaviorist
b. neobehaviorist; radical behaviorist
c. radical behaviorist; neobehaviorist
d. methodological behaviorist; radical behaviorist
methodological behaviorist; radical behavioris
Each time it rains, I see an increased number of umbrellas on the street. There appears to be a(n) ____________ relationship between the weather and the appearance of umbrellas.
functional
An ABCAC design is a type of _________ design
reversal
In a classical conditioning experiment, one group of dogs first hears a tone and then receives food, while another group of dogs receives food and then hears a tone. Following this, the researcher measures how much the dogs in each group salivate when they simply hear the tone. In this experiment, the order in which tone and food are presented is the ____________ variable
independent
Robbie is afraid of spiders while Naseem finds them interesting. A spider is as aversive stimulus to Robbie, and an __________ stimulus to Naseem
appetitive
On a cumulative recorder, a steep line indicates a ______ rate of response
high
Plato was a n______, Aristotle was a n________
Nature; Nurture
Proximity is to the law of ____________, as rate is to the law of ___________
contiguity; frequency
According to Descartes, what makes up different from animals?
That we have free will and they do not.
Who thought that there were basic elements of the mind that were put together via the laws of association?
British Empiricists
Watson’s __________ behaviourism argues the study of only observable and measurable behaviours
methodological behaviourism
According to Tolman’s ________ behaviourism, perhaps a behaviour is latently learned, but only displayed when it will be rewarded
cognitive
