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Learning > Week 1: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Week 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

________ is any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured

A

Behaviour

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2
Q

________ is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from some type of experience

A

Learning

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3
Q

Nativist is to _____ and empiricist is to ______

A

Nature; Nurture

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4
Q

Aristotle or Plato created the four laws of association?

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

What are the four laws of association?

A

The Law of Similarity;
The Law of Contrast;
The Law of Contiguity;
The Law of Frequency;

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6
Q

The Law of __________; events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other

A

Similarity

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7
Q

The Law of _________: Events that are opposite from each other are readily associated

A

Contrast

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8
Q

The Law of ________: Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated

A

Law of Contiguity

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9
Q

The Law of __________: the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated

A

Frequency

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10
Q

__________ assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it.

A

Structuralism

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11
Q

__________: the subject in an experiment attempts to accurately describe his or her conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences

A

Introspection

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12
Q

___________: assumes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes

A

Functionalism

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13
Q

The theory of E_________ had a profound influence on the development of behaviourism

A

evolution

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14
Q

Can evolutionary adaptions be behaviours or just physical capacities?

A

Behaviours

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15
Q

From an _________ perspective, the ability to learn evolved because it conferred significant survival advantages on those who had this ability

A

Evolutionary

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16
Q

Diversity within behaviourism:

  1. Watson’s __________ Behaviourism
  2. Hull’s Neobehaviourism
  3. ________’s Cognitive Behaviourism
  4. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
  5. Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism
A

Methodological; Tolman’s

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17
Q

Diversity within behaviourism:

  1. Watson’s Methodological Behaviourism
  2. _____’ s Neobehaviourism
  3. Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism
  4. ________’s Social Learning Theory
  5. Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism
A

Hull; Bandura

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18
Q

_____________ behaviourism is sometimes applied to any approach that rejects the value of data gathered through introspection

A

Methological

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19
Q

___________ behaviourism assets that psychologists should study only those behaviours that can be directly observed

A

Methodological

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20
Q

Watson’s view on behaviour is that it is essentially ___________

A

reflexive

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21
Q

What were the three basic emotions that people are born with according to Watson?

A

Love; Rage; Fear

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22
Q

Hull’s neobehaviourism believed that it might likewise be useful to inter the existence on internal events that might ______ between the environment and behaviour

A

mediate

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23
Q

The mediating events that Hull incorporated into his theory consisted largely of _________-type reactions

A

physiological

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24
Q

___________ is a brand of behaviourism that utilises intervening variables, in the form of hypothesised physiological processes, to help explain behaviour.

A

Neobehaviourism

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25
Q

Hull believed that specific _______ (input) yielded specific ________ output

A

Stimuli; responses

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26
Q

A “________” theory is one in which it viewed behaviours as consisting of a long chain of specific responses connected to specific stimuli (S-R Theory)

A

`Molecular”

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27
Q

For _________; behaviour was an overall pattern of behaviour directed toward particular outcomes, and in can only be properly analysed at that level.

A

Tolman

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28
Q

Dolman’s intervening variables were more __________

A

mentalistic

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29
Q

_________ behaviourism utilises intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesised cognitive processes, to help explain behaviour

A

Cognitive

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30
Q

A cognitive ____ is a mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings

A

map

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31
Q

_______ learning: Learning occurs despite the absence of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions

A

Latent

32
Q

______ _______ theory is a cognitive behavioural approach that strongly emphasises the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explains human behaviour

A

Social Learning

33
Q

Reciprocal __________: environmental events, observable behaviour, and “person variables” are seen as having a reciprocal influence on each other

A

determinism

34
Q

_________ behaviourism: Emphasises the influence of the environment on observable behaviour, rejects the use of internal events to explain behaviour, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviours that themselves need to be explained

A

Radical

35
Q

In radical behaviourism, _______ behaviours were subject to the same learning laws as overt behaviours

A

covert

36
Q

________ behaviourism views internal events, such as sensing, thinking, and feelings, as “covert” behaviours

A

Radical

37
Q

_______________: deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behaviour

A

countercontrol

38
Q

Ultimately, Skinner believed that the ___________ determines both internal events and external behaviours

A

environment

39
Q

Skinner believed that only _______ behaviours (those that can be classically conditioned) are automatically elicited by stimuli that precede them)

A

reflexive

40
Q 
1 Watson's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ behaviourism
2 Hull's \_\_\_behaviourism
3 Tolman's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Behaviourism
4 Bandura's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theory
5 Skinner's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ behaviourism
A

Methodological; Neo; cognitive; Social learning theory; Radical

41
Q

“Patterns of behaviour rather than a chain of S-R connections is important” is something that who would say?

A

Tolman and his cognitive behaviourism

42
Q

________ learning: Leanring occurs despite absence of evidence of learning, apparent only under different conditions

A

Latent

43
Q

Behaviour refers to ________ actions

A

observable

44
Q

________ ___________ is a process by which certain inborn behaviours come to be produced in new situations

A

Classical Conditioning

45
Q

_________ ____________ involves the strengthening or weakening of a behaviour as result of its consequences

A

Operant conditioning

46
Q

________ can either be immediate or delayed

A

Learning

47
Q

_________ believed that some behaviours were automated by that some could be controlled. Mind-body dualism

A

Descartes

48
Q

Tabula rasa: all knowledge is a function of __________

A

experience

49
Q

The ______ _________ believed that the conscious mind was composed of a finite set of basic elements that were combined through the principles of association

A

British empiricists

50
Q

__________ believed that psychologists should not study the structure of the mind, but instead the adaptive significance of the mind

A

Functionalists

51
Q

_______ psychology adheres to the law of parsimony

A

Behavioural

52
Q

M__________ behaviourism argued that subjective activities were too difficult to assess

A

Methodological behaviourism

53
Q

M__________ behaviourism adheres to a stimulus -> response theory

A

Methodological behaviourism

54
Q

Watson believed that all human behaviour was ref______

A

reflexive

55
Q

The most critical factor in determining expert performance is not innate ability but deliberate ___________

A

practice

56
Q

The term “intervening variables” is associated with Hull’s ____________

A

neobehaviourism

57
Q

intervening variables are largely Phy_________ is nature

A

physiological (hunger drive)

58
Q

Was Hull’s neobehaviourism a S-R theory?

A

Yes, one Stimulus to one Response

59
Q

The “cognitive map” is associated with which behaviourist theory?

A

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism

60
Q

_______ believed that the environment ultimately determines both external behaviour and internal events

A

Skinner

61
Q

Steven once became terribly ill while visiting Chicago. As a result, whenever he visits Chicago, he thinks of the illness he suffered at that time. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of __________

A

association

62
Q

Descartes believed that the behavior of a________ is entirely reflexive

A

animals

63
Q

The law of __________ holds that simpler explanations are usually preferable explanations.

A

parsimony

64
Q

Although Roberta just sits there throughout the lecture, she can afterwards repeat everything the professor said. This is an example of __________ learning

A

observational

65
Q

Watson was a _______, while Skinner was a ________.:

a. radical behaviorist; methodological behaviorist
b. neobehaviorist; radical behaviorist
c. radical behaviorist; neobehaviorist
d. methodological behaviorist; radical behaviorist

A

methodological behaviorist; radical behavioris

66
Q

Each time it rains, I see an increased number of umbrellas on the street. There appears to be a(n) ____________ relationship between the weather and the appearance of umbrellas.

A

functional

67
Q

An ABCAC design is a type of _________ design

A

reversal

68
Q

In a classical conditioning experiment, one group of dogs first hears a tone and then receives food, while another group of dogs receives food and then hears a tone. Following this, the researcher measures how much the dogs in each group salivate when they simply hear the tone. In this experiment, the order in which tone and food are presented is the ____________ variable

A

independent

69
Q

Robbie is afraid of spiders while Naseem finds them interesting. A spider is as aversive stimulus to Robbie, and an __________ stimulus to Naseem

A

appetitive

70
Q

On a cumulative recorder, a steep line indicates a ______ rate of response

A

high

71
Q

Plato was a n______, Aristotle was a n________

A

Nature; Nurture

72
Q

Proximity is to the law of ____________, as rate is to the law of ___________

A

contiguity; frequency

73
Q

According to Descartes, what makes up different from animals?

A

That we have free will and they do not.

74
Q

Who thought that there were basic elements of the mind that were put together via the laws of association?

A

British Empiricists

75
Q

Watson’s __________ behaviourism argues the study of only observable and measurable behaviours

A

methodological behaviourism

76
Q

According to Tolman’s ________ behaviourism, perhaps a behaviour is latently learned, but only displayed when it will be rewarded

A

cognitive

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