Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Learning > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

In operant conditioning, the ___________ is the consequence of our behaviours

A

outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___________ behaviours: actions influenced by their consequences

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___________ conditioning involves the strengthening or weakening of a behaviour as a result of consequences

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Behaviours are voluntary or goal directed in operant or classical conditioning?

A

Operant Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

Pleasant consequences will increase a behaviour and unpleasant will decrease a behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Involuntary behaviours are called __________ behaviours according to Skinner

A

Respondent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____________ (voluntary) behaviours are controlled by consequence

A

controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____________: (Sr) Consequence following behaviour which increases the probability of the behaviour in the future

A

Reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____________: (Sp) Consequence following behaviour which decreases the probability of the behaviour in the future

A

Punisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

___________ ____________ (Sd): Indicates that a response will be followed by a contingency (reinforcer or punisher)

A

Discriminative stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The ______________ stimulus ‘sets the occasion for’ increases or decreases in probability of it happening again

A

discriminative behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___________ : The stimulus signals the non-availability of a previously available reinforcer

A

Extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____________ reinforcement: When behaviour is strengthened because it is followed by a reinforcing or rewarding stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____________ Reinforcement: when behaviour is strengthened because it is following by the removal of an aversive stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

R > Sr is __________ or _________ reinforcement

A

positive; Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_________ learning: Learning of a response that allows a subject to escape an aversive stimulus

A

escape learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

___________ learning: Learning of a response that allows a subject to avoid an aversive stimulus (e.g. learning that when a light comes on the shock is about to start and they must press the bar to prevent the shock)

A

Avoidance learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____________ refers to STRENGTHENING a behaviour

A

Reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___________ refers to WEAKENING a tendency to make a response

A

punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

______________ punishment: giving a punisher to reduce a behaviour

A

Positive punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_________ punishment: removing a pleasant stimuli to reduce a behaviour

A

Negative punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

___________ reinforcers: unlearned, inherently reinforcing because they satisfy a biological need (food, water, warmth, sex)

A

Primary reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

___________ reinforcer: (conditioned reinforcers) that are learnt or become reinforcers after being associated with primary reinforcers

A

Secondary reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

________ reinforcer (enjoyment; satisfaction) ___________ reinforcer (food; money)

A

Intrinsic; Extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A _________ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is common in that particular reinforcer (like a paycheck from work)

A

natural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A _________ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is not common in a particular environment (lollies for a child in a shop)

A

contrived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

__________: The initial stage of learning - learning a pattern of responding or the association between behaviour a reinforcer

A

Acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__________: the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour

A

Shaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

___________: the gradual weakening and elimination of the response training

A

Extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

___________ reinforcement: every occurrence of an operant response is followed by a reinforcer

A

Continuous reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

___________ reinforcement: only some occurrences of the operant response are followed by a reinforcer

A

intermittent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

__________ reinforcement is the most powerful type schedules of reinforcement

A

Intermittent reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______ ___________ schedulre: Reinforcement depends upon a fixed/predictable number of responses emitted since the last reinforcement (after every 5 etc.)

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

FR1 and FR4. What do these mean?

A

Fixed ratio reinforcement after 1 response and 4 responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

__________ _________ schedule: Reinforcement depends upon a variable/unpredictable number of responses emitted since the last reinforcer

A

Variable Ratio Schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A V___________ R________ schedule has a high resistance to response extinction

A

Variable ratio schedule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A F_________ R________ schedule has a low resistance to response extinction

A

fixed ratio schedule

38
Q

________ ____________ schedule (FI): A response is reinforced when a fixed/predictable period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer

A

Fixed Interval Schedule

39
Q

A F___________ I___________ schedule has a low resistance to extinction

A

Fixed Interval Schedule

40
Q

________ _________ schedule (VI) A response is reinforced when a variable/unpredictable period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcer

A

Variable Interval Schedule

41
Q

A V__________ I_________ has a high resistance to extinction

A

Variable Interval

42
Q

_________ schedule: response has to be undertaken continuously for reinforcement to occur

A

Duration

43
Q

___________ schedules: Two or more simple schedules need to be completed before the reinforcer is delivered

A

Conjunctive schedules

44
Q

___________ schedules: Response requirement changes as a function of previous performance

A

Adjusting

45
Q

_________ schedules: Sequence of simple schedules in a specific order

A

chained schedules

46
Q

______ __________ theory: the event is reinforcing if it is associated with a reduction of physiological need

A

Drive reduction theory

47
Q

__________ motivation: Motivation derived from a property of the reinforcer rather than an internal drive state

A

Incentive motivation

48
Q

__________’s _______ : High probability behaviour can be used to reinforce a low probability behaviour

A

Premack’s

49
Q

Behavioural ______ point approach: An organism that has free access to alternative activities will organise its behaviour to maximise its overall reinforcement

A

bliss point approach

50
Q

___________ conditioning is a type of learning in which the future probability of a behaviour is affected by its consequences

A

Operant

51
Q

An ________ __________ is a class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses

A

operant behaviour

52
Q

Do we focus on the behaviour or person in operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour

53
Q

Reinforcers and punishers are formally ______ entirely by their effect on behaviour

A

defined

54
Q

A __________ ___________ is a signal that indicates that a response will be followed by a reinforcer

A

Discriminative stimulus

55
Q

The more immediate the reinforcer, the (stronger/weaker) its effect on the behaviour

A

stronger

56
Q

A ____________ reinforcer is a reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers

A

generalised reinforcer

57
Q

________ ____________: if working hard on a task has been consistently associated with reinforcement, then working hard might itself become a secondary reinforcer

A

Learned Industriousness

58
Q

________ praise often increases intrinsic motivations

A

verbal

59
Q

A ____________ of ____________ is the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement

A

Schedule of Reinforcement

60
Q

A ____________ reinforcement schedule is one in which each specified response is reinforced

A

continuous

61
Q

An ___________ reinforcement schedule is one in which only some responses are reinforced

A

intermittent

62
Q

On a _______ ________ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses

A

fixed ratio schedule

63
Q

Higher ratio requirements produce longer post___________ pauses

A

reinforcement

64
Q

“________ the _______” - going from a low ratio requirement (dense schedule) to a high ratio requirement (lean schedule) should be done gradually

A

Stretching the ratio

65
Q

Ratio _______, a disruption in responding due to an overly demanding response requirement

A

strain

66
Q

Ratio strain is also known as ________

A

burnout

67
Q

On a __________ _____ schedule; reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses

A

variable ratio

68
Q

ON a ______ _________ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed predictable period of time

A

fixed interval

69
Q

On a _________ _________ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of time

A

variable interval

70
Q

______ schedules produce higher rates of response than do _______ scales

A

ratio; interval

71
Q

On a ________ _________ schedule, the behaviour must be performed continuously for a fixed, predictable period of time

A

fixed duration schedule

72
Q

On a ________ ________ schedule, the behaviour must be performed continuously for a varying, unpredictable period of time

A

variable duration

73
Q

In __________ reinforcement for _____ rates, reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at least a certain number of responses in a certain period of time

A

differential; high rates;

74
Q

In __________ reinforcement for _____ rates, a minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the reinforcer will be delivered

A

differential, low rates

75
Q

In __________ reinforcement for _____ responding, reinforcement is contingent upon emitting a series of responses at a set rate

A

differential, paced responding

76
Q

unconditional positive regard is an example of _____________ reinforcement

A

non contingent

77
Q

A ________ schedule consists of a combination of two or more simple schedules

A

complex

78
Q

A _________ schedule is a type of schedule in which the requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered

A

conjunctive

79
Q

Motivation that is derived from some property of the reinforcer, as opposed to an internal drive state, is referred to as ________ _________

A

incentive motivation

80
Q

Are operant behaviours voluntary or elicited?

A

Voluntary

81
Q

In operant conditioning, the response _________ on the environment to produce a consequence

A

operates

82
Q

Process of operant conditioning:
1 A _________ produces the consequences
2 ___________ serve to increase or decrease probability of a further response
3 ___________ stimuli preceding the response signals the consequence is available

A

Response; Consequences: Discriminative stimuli

83
Q

What are the three steps of operant conditioning?

A

1 A response produces the consequences
2 consequences serve to increase or decrease probability of a further response
3 Discriminative stimuli preceding the response signals the consequence is available

84
Q

Operant behaviours are emitted by the ___________

A

organism; person

85
Q

In operant conditioning, ________ _________ indicate that a response will be followed by a contingency (i.e. reinforcement or punishment)

A

discriminative stimulus

86
Q

A __________ __________ for extinction signals the non-availability of a previously available reinforcer

A

discriminative stimulus

87
Q

What are the two types of negative reinforcement?

A

Escape behaviour; avoidance behaviour

88
Q

Extrinsic rewards are:

  • Ex_______
  • Ta________
  • Simply given for performing the activity
A

Expected; Tangible,

89
Q

Schedules of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is easy to obtain are known as _____ or rich

A

dense

90
Q

______ _______, a disruption in responding due to an overly demanding response requirement

A

ratio strain

Learning (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions