Week 12: Comparative Cognition

Question 1

________ _________: the study of information processing across a variety of species, including humans

Answer 1

Comparative Cognition

Question 2

Four levels of Analysis are separated into the _________ cause and _________ cause

Answer 2

ultimate cause; proximal cause

Question 3

_________ cause: reason in which a trait as evolved in a species

Answer 3

Ultimate cause

Question 4

Does the question: “What purpose does this trait serve for survival or reproduction” ask about an ultimate or proximal cause

Answer 4

Ultimate Cause

Question 5

Does the question: “How is this trait distributed among various species” ask about an ultimate or proximal cause

Answer 5

Ultimate Cause

Question 6

Does the question: “What biological and environmental events lead to the expression of this trait in an individual” ask about an ultimate or proximal cause

Answer 6

Proximal Cause

Question 7

Does the question: “How does this trait emerge or change during an individual’s development” ask about an ultimate or proximal cause

Answer 7

Proximal Cause

Question 8

If I was asking why a certain trait was expressed in a species, I would be asking about an ________ cause

Answer 8

proximate cause

Question 9

__________ hypothesis: humans have an inherited predisposition to be drawn or to “bond” with nature, including other animals

Answer 9

Biophillia hypothesis

Question 10

Memory in animals is often studied through s________ d___________

Answer 10

stimulus discrimination

Question 11

_________ _______-to-_________: the animal is first shown a sample stimulus and then, following some delay, is required to select that stimulus out of a group of alternative stimuli

Answer 11

Delayed matching-to-sample

Question 12

______ _______: occurs when you have been told to forget something, and as a result you indeed have poorer memory of the task

Answer 12

Directed Forgetting

Question 13

What area of the brain is larger in birds that are better at spatial memory

Answer 13

hippocampus

Question 14

Difference species with similar __________ demands can have similar abilities

Answer 14

environmental

Question 15

Numerosity is defined as understanding __________

Answer 15

quantity

Question 16

Learning a category involves being able to g_______ and d_______, two features of learning that are found across species

Answer 16

generalise; discriminate

Question 17

_______ _________: a form of reasoning in which the relationship between two objects can be inferred by knowing the relationship of each to a third object

Answer 17

Transitive Inference

Question 18

____ use by itself seems to indicate a certain amount of intelligence and planning, but _________ in tool use suggests a more sophisticated understanding of cause and effect

Answer 18

Tool; Selectivity

Question 19

_______ of _______: is the tendency to attribute mental states to other individuals

Answer 19

Theory of Mind

Question 20

_____-___________: the ability to see oneself as seperate from others

Answer 20

Self-Awareness

Question 21

Human babies can display the concept of self-awareness at __ months, and chimpanzees as __ months

Answer 21

24;28

Question 22

__________: cue used to represent experience or object to share

Answer 22

symbols

Question 23

_______: system of rules dictating language arrangement

Answer 23

Syntax

Question 24

Language is i_______ and s_________

Answer 24

intentional; specific

Question 25

a_____ c______ are evidence of language in animals

Answer 25

Alarm Calls

Question 26

Animals have the capacity to r_________ objects, but mastery of grammar is unclear

Answer 26

reference

Question 27

Evidence in ________ of both reference and grammatical rules through behavioural sequencing

Answer 27

dolphins

Question 28

The ability to associate arbitrary symbols with objects or events is known as ___________

Answer 28

reference