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Learning > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

In _________ __________, the behaviour of a model is witnessed by an observer, and the observer’s behaviour is subsequently changed

A

Observational Learning

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2
Q

Being in a ________ situation can change behaviour, even if no one in the group realises it

A

social situation

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3
Q

Can observational learning be involved in classical or operant conditioning?

A

Both

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4
Q

C_________ B__________: instinctive or reflexive behaviour triggered by the occurrence of the same behaviour in another individual

A

Contagious Behaviour

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5
Q

Fear responses of all kinds are quite _______, which makes good adaptive sense

A

contagious

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6
Q

Or_______ responses can be contagious

A

Orienting responses

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7
Q

S_________ E_________: the probability of a behaviour is changed because an individual’s attention is drawn to a particular item or location by the behaviour of another individual

A

Stimulus Enhancement

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8
Q

St_________ En___________ simply allows the triggers to be noticed.

A

Stimulus Enhancement

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9
Q

V_________ E__________ R____________: classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others

A

Vicarious Emotional Responses

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10
Q

The stimuli involved in classical conditioning and Observational learning are usually __________ in nature

A

emotional

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11
Q

Vicarious Emotional responses can occur in either ______ or higher order conditioning

A

fear

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12
Q

_________ of an operant response through observational learning first requires that the observer pay attention to the behaviour of the model

A

Acquisition

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13
Q

We are very sensitive to the _____________ of a model’s behaviour

A

consequences

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14
Q

A factor in operant conditioning and observational learning is whether the observer ___________ for the behaviour of attending to a model

A

reinforcement

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15
Q

The observer needs sufficient ______ to benefit from the modelling of a model in observational learning in operant conditioning

A

skills

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16
Q

The personal ____________ of a model can strongly influence the extent to which we will attend to their behaviour

A

characteristics

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17
Q

The reinforcement or punishment of the ________’s behaviour ultimately determines whether a modelled behaviour will be performed

A

observers

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18
Q

Performance of a modelled behaviour can be differentially reinforced in different _________

A

contexts

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19
Q

True _________ is a form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a novel behaviour

A

imitation

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20
Q

G__________ I___________: is a tendency to imitate a new modeled behaviour with no specific reinforcement for doing so

A

Generalised Imitation

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21
Q

(Girls/Boys) have a greater tendency to inhibit violence unless there is an incentive for violence

A

Girls

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22
Q

The use of language is a (direct/indirect) measure in learning

A

indirect

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23
Q

A ‘rule’ can be defined as a verbal description of a __________

A

contingency

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24
Q

Behaviour that has been generated through exposure to rules is known as ____-___________ behaviour

A

rule-governed behaviour

25
Q

Rules are extremely useful for rapidly establishing _________ patterns of behaviour

A

appropriate

26
Q

The extent to which we follow ___________ depends largely on the consequences we have received for following instructions

A

instructions

27
Q

Rule-governed behaviour is often (more/less) efficient than behaviour that has been directly shaped by natural contingencies

A

less

28
Q

_________ rules: defined as verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence our behaviour

A

Personal rules

29
Q

___-_____ correspondence : occurs when there is a close match between what we say we are going to do and what we actually do at a later time

A

Say-do correspondence

30
Q

_____ ________ rules: personal rules that indicate the specific process by which a task is to be accomplished

A

Personal process rules

31
Q

What do humans and dolphins have in common?

A

Imitation of actions and sounds on request

32
Q

What are the two types of observational learning?

A

Social; Asocial

33
Q

_______ learning is observational learning that is learned without direct contact with a model

A

Asocial

34
Q

________: the act of copying the actions or behaviours of someone else

A

Imitation

35
Q

_____ imitation: duplication of a novel behaviour

A

True

36
Q

________ imitation: Imitation of new modelled behaviour - without specific reinforcement to do so

A

Generalised imitation

37
Q

Imitation believed to demonstrate unique ________ abilities, specifically capacity for perspective-taking

A

cognitive

38
Q

________ _________ conditioning: classically conditioned emotional responses resulting from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others

A

Vicarious Emotional conditioning

39
Q

Is vicarious emotional conditioning a simple or higher-order classically conditioning?

A

It can be both

40
Q

___________: The act of demonstrating one’s actions or behaviour in the presence of someone else

A

Modelling

41
Q

__________ learning is less predictable in what an individual actually learns

A

Observational

42
Q

Nothing compels us to copy a _______

A

model

43
Q

Observational learning is NOT just c____________ behaviour

A

contagious behaviour

44
Q

C___________ behaviour: instinctive or reflexive behaviour triggered by its presence in another individual

A

Contagious behaviour

45
Q

Observational learning is not just S_________ E_________

A

Stimulus Enhancement

46
Q

________ _________ theory:

People learn in a social context through:

  • principles of classical and operant conditioning
  • Observational learning
  • Modelling and imitation
A

Social Learning Theory

47
Q

_______ ________ theory: Any behaviour can be learned without direct reinforcement or punishment

A

Social Learning Theory

48
Q

_________ __________ theory: Form of instrumental conditioning in which actions that replicate observed acts are directly or indirectly reinforced

A

Social learning theory

49
Q

_______ ________ _________: “Expectations of reinforcement and punishers will influence likelihood of performing the action, but learning is the result of observation”

A

Social Learning Theory

50
Q

What is the difference between social learning theory and social cognitive theory?

A

Self-efficacy (person variables; thoughts and feelings)

51
Q

___-________ extent to which individuals believe they have the competencies to perform a particular behaviour

A

Self-efficacy

52
Q

Self-efficacy is influenced by:

  • Ex_________
  • Mod___________ (vicarious experience)
  • Social Per_________
  • Psychological factors
A

Experience; Modelling; Social persuasion; Psychological factors

53
Q

What are the four key processes in Social Cognitive Theory?

  • Att_________
  • Re________
  • Motor Re__________
  • Mot_____________
A

Attention; Retention; Motor productive; Motivation

54
Q

M______ P__________: ability to reproduce an action

A

Motor productive

55
Q

Indirect learning can occur through L________

A

language

56
Q

_____-_________ behaviour: Rule as a verbal contingency

A

Rule-governed behaviour

57
Q

Does experience or knowledge trump the other for complex skills?

A

Experience

58
Q

__________ _______: verbal descriptions or contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence our behaviour

A

Personal rules

59
Q

Personal _______ ______: outline specific process through which a task is accomplished

A

Personal process rules

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