Week 10 Flashcards
In _________ __________, the behaviour of a model is witnessed by an observer, and the observer’s behaviour is subsequently changed
Observational Learning
Being in a ________ situation can change behaviour, even if no one in the group realises it
social situation
Can observational learning be involved in classical or operant conditioning?
Both
C_________ B__________: instinctive or reflexive behaviour triggered by the occurrence of the same behaviour in another individual
Contagious Behaviour
Fear responses of all kinds are quite _______, which makes good adaptive sense
contagious
Or_______ responses can be contagious
Orienting responses
S_________ E_________: the probability of a behaviour is changed because an individual’s attention is drawn to a particular item or location by the behaviour of another individual
Stimulus Enhancement
St_________ En___________ simply allows the triggers to be noticed.
Stimulus Enhancement
V_________ E__________ R____________: classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others
Vicarious Emotional Responses
The stimuli involved in classical conditioning and Observational learning are usually __________ in nature
emotional
Vicarious Emotional responses can occur in either ______ or higher order conditioning
fear
_________ of an operant response through observational learning first requires that the observer pay attention to the behaviour of the model
Acquisition
We are very sensitive to the _____________ of a model’s behaviour
consequences
A factor in operant conditioning and observational learning is whether the observer ___________ for the behaviour of attending to a model
reinforcement
The observer needs sufficient ______ to benefit from the modelling of a model in observational learning in operant conditioning
skills
The personal ____________ of a model can strongly influence the extent to which we will attend to their behaviour
characteristics
The reinforcement or punishment of the ________’s behaviour ultimately determines whether a modelled behaviour will be performed
observers
Performance of a modelled behaviour can be differentially reinforced in different _________
contexts
True _________ is a form of observational learning that involves the close duplication of a novel behaviour
imitation
G__________ I___________: is a tendency to imitate a new modeled behaviour with no specific reinforcement for doing so
Generalised Imitation
(Girls/Boys) have a greater tendency to inhibit violence unless there is an incentive for violence
Girls
The use of language is a (direct/indirect) measure in learning
indirect
A ‘rule’ can be defined as a verbal description of a __________
contingency
Behaviour that has been generated through exposure to rules is known as ____-___________ behaviour
rule-governed behaviour
Rules are extremely useful for rapidly establishing _________ patterns of behaviour
appropriate
The extent to which we follow ___________ depends largely on the consequences we have received for following instructions
instructions
Rule-governed behaviour is often (more/less) efficient than behaviour that has been directly shaped by natural contingencies
less
_________ rules: defined as verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence our behaviour
Personal rules
___-_____ correspondence : occurs when there is a close match between what we say we are going to do and what we actually do at a later time
Say-do correspondence
_____ ________ rules: personal rules that indicate the specific process by which a task is to be accomplished
Personal process rules
What do humans and dolphins have in common?
Imitation of actions and sounds on request
What are the two types of observational learning?
Social; Asocial
_______ learning is observational learning that is learned without direct contact with a model
Asocial
________: the act of copying the actions or behaviours of someone else
Imitation
_____ imitation: duplication of a novel behaviour
True
________ imitation: Imitation of new modelled behaviour - without specific reinforcement to do so
Generalised imitation
Imitation believed to demonstrate unique ________ abilities, specifically capacity for perspective-taking
cognitive
________ _________ conditioning: classically conditioned emotional responses resulting from seeing those emotional responses exhibited by others
Vicarious Emotional conditioning
Is vicarious emotional conditioning a simple or higher-order classically conditioning?
It can be both
___________: The act of demonstrating one’s actions or behaviour in the presence of someone else
Modelling
__________ learning is less predictable in what an individual actually learns
Observational
Nothing compels us to copy a _______
model
Observational learning is NOT just c____________ behaviour
contagious behaviour
C___________ behaviour: instinctive or reflexive behaviour triggered by its presence in another individual
Contagious behaviour
Observational learning is not just S_________ E_________
Stimulus Enhancement
________ _________ theory:
People learn in a social context through:
- principles of classical and operant conditioning
- Observational learning
- Modelling and imitation
Social Learning Theory
_______ ________ theory: Any behaviour can be learned without direct reinforcement or punishment
Social Learning Theory
_________ __________ theory: Form of instrumental conditioning in which actions that replicate observed acts are directly or indirectly reinforced
Social learning theory
_______ ________ _________: “Expectations of reinforcement and punishers will influence likelihood of performing the action, but learning is the result of observation”
Social Learning Theory
What is the difference between social learning theory and social cognitive theory?
Self-efficacy (person variables; thoughts and feelings)
___-________ extent to which individuals believe they have the competencies to perform a particular behaviour
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is influenced by:
- Ex_________
- Mod___________ (vicarious experience)
- Social Per_________
- Psychological factors
Experience; Modelling; Social persuasion; Psychological factors
What are the four key processes in Social Cognitive Theory?
- Att_________
- Re________
- Motor Re__________
- Mot_____________
Attention; Retention; Motor productive; Motivation
M______ P__________: ability to reproduce an action
Motor productive
Indirect learning can occur through L________
language
_____-_________ behaviour: Rule as a verbal contingency
Rule-governed behaviour
Does experience or knowledge trump the other for complex skills?
Experience
__________ _______: verbal descriptions or contingencies that we present to ourselves to influence our behaviour
Personal rules
Personal _______ ______: outline specific process through which a task is accomplished
Personal process rules
