Week 8

Question 1

Concurrent __________ of ___________

Answer 1

Simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules of reinforcement.

Question 2

The principle of matching: the amount of behaviour directed toward an alternative is __________ to the amount of reinforcement we receive from that alternative

Answer 2

proportional

Question 3

The ______ law: the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule

Answer 3

matching

Question 4

Deviations from the matching hypothesis:

• U___________
• O___________
• Bias from matching

Answer 4

under matching; overmatching; bias from matching

Question 5

Matching appears to be a basic principle of _______ behaviour

Answer 5

choice

Question 6

__________: the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus the poorer schedule its less different than would be predicted by matching

Answer 6

Under matching

Question 7

___________: the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus the poorer schedule is more different than would be predicted

Answer 7

Overmatching

Question 8

_____________ can occur when the cost of moving from one alternative to another is very high

Answer 8

Overmatching

Question 9

_____ from _________ occurs when one response alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether that alternative contents the richer or poorer schedule of reinforcement

Answer 9

Bias from matching

Question 10

____________ theory: Distribution of behaviour in a noise situation shifts toward those alternatives that have higher value regardless of long-term effect on the overall amount of reinforcement

Answer 10

Melioration theory

Question 11

_______ proposed that to manage this conflict you enact a controlling response to attempt to alter the frequency of a controlled response

Answer 11

Skinner

Question 12

__________ responses serve to alter the frequency of a controlled response

Answer 12

Controlling response

Question 13

Types of controlling responses:

• Physical ________
• D_______ and S________
• Doing something E_____
• Self-reinforcement and self-punishment

Answer 13

Physical restraint; Depriving and Satiating; Doing something else

Question 14

Lack of self-control is a function of more __________ consequences than __________

Answer 14

immediate consequences; delayed consequences

Question 15

_________ decisions reflect selection of smaller sooner reward over large later reward

Answer 15

Impulsive decisions

Question 16

__________ gratification reflects section of larger later reward over smaller sooner reward

Answer 16

Delayed gratification

Question 17

________ to a temptation is greatly enhanced by not attending to the tempting rewards

Answer 17

Resistance

Question 18

The Ainslie-Rachlin model of self-control focuses on the fact that ______ between smaller sooner and larger later rewards can shift over time

Answer 18

preference

Question 19

The Ainslie-Rachlin model is based on the assumption that the value of a reward is a “__________” function of its delay

Answer 19

Hyperbolic (upward reward curve)

Question 20

LLR’s (large later rewards) have (high/low) value at long delays

Answer 20

low

Question 21

Reward delay functions are less deeply __________ for humans compared to other animals

Answer 21

scalloped

Question 22

Flattening out the _______ _______ for the larger reward is perhaps the ideal answer to problems of self-control

Answer 22

delay gradient

Question 23

A _________ ___________ is an action carried out at an early point in time that serves either to eliminate or greatly reduce the value of an upcoming temptation

Answer 23

Commitment Response

Question 24

___________ decreases with age

Answer 24

Impulsivity

Question 25

______-but-________ effects model: Each single choice on self-control tasks have small but cumulative effects on probability of obtaining the desired long-term outcome

Answer 25

Small-but-cumulative effects model