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1st Term / PHA115 > Week 9 / Cell Structure 1 > Flashcards

Week 9 / Cell Structure 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats is cell theory ? (4)

A

1-Cells are building blocks of all plants and animal

2- All cells come from the division of preexisting cells

3-Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital
physiological functions

4-Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular
level

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2
Q

What are all the parts of your body made up of?

A

cells

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3
Q

Around how many cells are there in the human body

A

37 trillion

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4
Q

Is there such thing as a typical cell?

A

no

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5
Q

Even though they may appear different under a microscope, what do most cells have in common?

A

most cells have chemical and structural features in common

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6
Q

How many different types of cells and organelles are there in humans?

A

200
20

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7
Q

How many kinds of cells are found in adult humans?

A

more than 200 kinds of cells

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8
Q

What are the different types of cells found in adult humans? [6]

A

nerve cells (neurons),
muscle cells
(myocytes), skin
(epithelial) cells,
blood cells
(erythrocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, etc.),
bone
cells (osteocytes),
cartilage cells (chondrocytes)

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9
Q

Which tissues are essential for embryonic development but are not incorporated into the body of the embryo, and from what are they generated?

A

These cells include extra-embryonic tissues, the placenta, and the umbilical cord. They are all generated from a single, totipotent cell known as the zygote or fertilized egg.

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10
Q

What types of cells connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases? [3]

A

Fibroblasts [connective tissue],
Epithelial cells,
Erythrocytes [RBC].

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11
Q

Which types of cells are responsible for moving organs and body parts?
[2]

A

Skeletal muscle cells, Smooth muscle cells.

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12
Q

What type of cell is responsible for storing nutrients in the body?

A

Fat cells.

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13
Q

Which type of cell fights disease in the body?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

What type of cell gathers information and controls body functions?

A

Nerve cells

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15
Q

What type of cell is involved in reproduction?

A

Sperm cells.

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16
Q

What is the initial cell from which all human cells are derived?

A

The zygote.

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17
Q

What structure forms after the zygote during early development?

A

The blastocyst.

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18
Q

Which structure leads to the formation of different cell types in the human body?

A

The gastrula.

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19
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to skin cells and neurons in the brain?

A

The ectoderm (external layer).

20
Q

Which types of cells are derived from the mesoderm (middle layer)?
[5]

A

Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle cells, tubule cells of the kidney, red blood cells, smooth muscle (in gut).

21
Q

Which cells are involved in reproduction?

A

Germ cells, such as sperm and egg cells.

21
Q

What cells are produced from the endoderm (internal layer)?
[3]

A

Pancreatic cells, thyroid cells, and lung cells (alveolar cells).

22
Q

What are stem cells

How do they Divide?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.

23
Q

What are the two broad types of stem cells in mammals, and where are they found?

A

Embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts.

Adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues.

24
Q

What role do stem cells and progenitor cells play in adults?

A

In adults, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body.

25
Q

What is potency?

A

specifies the differentiation potential (the potential to
differentiate into different cell types) of the stem cell

26
Q

What can totipotent stem cells differentiate into?

what is their significance in organism development?

How are totipotent cells produced

A

Totipotent (or omnipotent) stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types.

allowing them to construct a complete, viable organism.

These cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell.

27
Q

How do pluripotent stem cells relate to totipotent cells?

What do they differentiate into?

A

Pluripotent stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells.

can differentiate into nearly all cell types, meaning they can give rise to cells derived from any of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).

28
Q

What do multipotent stem cells differentiate into?

How do they differ from pluripotent stem cells?

A

Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of cell types, but only those of a closely related family of cells.

This differs from pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiate into nearly all cell types derived from any of the three germ layers.

29
Q

What are oligopotent stem cells, and what is their differentiation capacity?

A

Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few cell types, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.

30
Q

What types of cells can unipotent cells produce?

How do they differ from non-stem cells?

A

unipotent cells can produce only one cell type, their own,

but they possess the property of self-renewal, which distinguishes them from non-stem cells.

31
Q

What are the three main stages of stem cell potency shown in the image?

A

The three main stages of stem cell potency shown are Totipotent,
Pluripotent,
and
Unipotent.

32
Q

What can a stem cell be derived to?

What can a progenitor cell be derived to?

A

stem cells, specialized cells

specialized cell

33
Q

What are the potential uses of stem cells

A

to cure:
stroke,
crohns
baldness
deafness
(more on powerpoint)

34
Q

What does the totipotent cell split into?
What does that cell [↑] split into?

A

Pluripotent embryonic cell (endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm)

multipotent stem cell
(endoderm –> lung,pancreas )
(mesoderm—> heart muscle, RBC)
(ectoderm—>skin neuron)

35
Q

What are the common characteristics of all cell types [4] ?

How are they classified?

A

A surrounding membrane

Protoplasm (cell contents in thick fluid)

Organelles (structures for cell function)

A control center with DNA

Based on these characteristics, cells are classified into two categories:

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

36
Q

what do all cell types contain?

Whats does the cytoplasm contain?

A

cell membrane and cytoplasm

cytosol and organelles

37
Q

types of membranous organelles ? [5]

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
EDR
lysosome
Golgi body

38
Q

types of non-membranous organelles ?[4]

A

Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
flagella
ribosome

39
Q

What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A
  • They lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
    • They are the simplest type of cell.
    • They have a single, circular chromosome.
    • The nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA.
    • They are surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
    • They contain ribosomes (which are not membrane-bound) in their cytoplasm to make proteins.
    • They are typically one-celled organisms, such as bacteria.
40
Q

What are the additional features of prokaryotic cells, specifically regarding cell walls and flagella?

A

Cell Walls: Protect the cell and maintain cell shape.

Bacterial cell walls may be composed of peptidoglycan and can be classified as Gram positive or Gram negative.

Archaean cell walls lack peptidoglycan.

Flagella: Present in some prokaryotic cells, used for locomotion, and their rotary motion propels the cell.

41
Q

How are prokaryotic cells (bacteria) classified according to their response to Gram’s Stain?

A
  • Gram-positive bacteria: These have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50-90% of the cell wall), which stains purple.
    • Gram-negative bacteria: These have a thinner layer (10% of the cell wall), which stains pink.
42
Q

What are the main characteristics of eukaryotic cells? [5]

A

They possess a membrane-bound nucleus.

They are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

They compartmentalize many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system.

They possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure.

Eukaryotic cells include fungi, protozoa, plant, and animal cells.

43
Q

What do both animal and plant cells have?

What do only plant cells have?

A

nucleus , cell membrane , cytoplasm

cells, vacuole, chloroplasts

44
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the cell?

A

The three main parts of a cell
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm: cytosol + organelles
3. Nucleus

45
Q

tpm

A

toti
pluri
multi

46
Q

zb

A

zygote, blastcyte

1st Term / PHA115 (35 decks)

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