Week 18 / Endocrine system 1 Flashcards
Q: What does the endocrine system consist of?
A: The endocrine system consists of specialised ductless glands and neurosecretory cells scattered throughout the body.
Q: What do endocrine glands/cells secrete?
A: Endocrine glands/cells secrete biologically active chemical messengers called hormones.
Q: How are hormones carried through the body?
A: Hormones are carried in the bloodstream to interact with distant target cells.
Q: What is the result of hormone interaction with target cells?
A: The interaction leads to a specific target cell response, which can affect metabolism, growth, or reproduction.
Q: What are some of the major glands in the endocrine system? [6]
the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland,
pineal gland,
hypothalamus,
adrenal gland,
pancreas, ovary, and testis.
Q: What is the function of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?
Q: What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Q: What is the function of the pineal gland?
Q: What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?
Q: What does the adrenal gland produce? [3]
Q: What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?
Q: What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Q: What hormones are produced by the testes?
A: The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
A: The thyroid gland produces hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism.
A: The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.
A: The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and regulates hormone secretion that affects body temperature, hunger, and emotional responses.
A: The adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone, which help manage stress, metabolism, and blood pressure.
A: The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.
A: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the female reproductive system.
A: The testes produce testosterone, which regulates male reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics.
Q: What is one of the main functions of the endocrine system?
A: The endocrine system is one of the body’s two major regulatory systems, responsible for regulating, integrating, coordinating, and controlling important cellular, organ, and body functions.
Q: How does the endocrine system help with cellular metabolism and balance?
A: The endocrine system regulates cellular metabolism and helps maintain water and electrolyte balance.
Q: What role does the endocrine system play in growth and reproduction?
A: The endocrine system regulates cell growth, development, and reproduction.
Q: How does the endocrine system assist with stress?
A: The endocrine system helps the body cope with stressful situations by making adaptive changes.
Q: How does the endocrine system affect the circulatory and digestive systems?
A: The endocrine system controls and integrates the circulatory and digestive systems.
Q: What are the major chemical classifications of hormones in the endocrine system?
A: The major chemical classifications of hormones are amines & amino acid derivatives, polypeptides, proteins & glycoproteins, and steroids.
Q: Can you name some examples of amines and amino acid derivative hormones?
A: Examples of amines and amino acid derivative hormones include norepinephrine (NA), adrenaline (AD), dopamine (DA), melatonin, T3, and T4.
Q: What are some examples of polypeptides, proteins, and glycoprotein hormones?
A: Examples include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and insulin.
Q: What are steroids in terms of hormone classification?
Q: Can you name some examples of steroid hormones?
A: Steroids are hormones derived from cholesterol
A: Examples of steroid hormones include cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone.
Q: What is the difference between hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones?
A: Hydrophilic hormones are water-soluble (e.g., polypeptides, proteins), while lipophilic hormones are fat-soluble (e.g., steroid hormones).
Q: What is the vesicle-mediated pathway in hormone synthesis?
A: In the vesicle-mediated pathway, hormones are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and packaged in secretory vesicles. This pathway is used for polypeptide/protein hormones.
Q: How are steroid hormones synthesized and released?
A: Steroid hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and are directly released without the use of vesicles.
Q: How are peptide hormones and amines transported in the bloodstream?
A: Peptide hormones and amines are transported in the bloodstream in their free and unbound form.
Q: How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported in the bloodstream?
A: Steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream bound to carrier proteins.
Q: How is the timing or pattern of hormone secretion often regulated?
A: Hormone secretion can be regulated in a pulsatile or cyclical pattern.
Q: What is negative-feedback control in hormonal secretion?
Q: What is the role of end-product inhibition in negative-feedback control?
A: Negative-feedback control is a mechanism where the end-product of a process inhibits its own production, helping to maintain balance in the system.
A: End-product inhibition is when the final product of a biochemical pathway inhibits the production of the hormone or substance, thereby controlling its levels.
Q: How do hormones produce their effects on target cells?
Q: What are target cell receptors linked to?
A: Hormones produce their effects by interacting with specific receptors on target cells.
A: Target cell receptors are linked to specific effector systems in the cell, which mediate the hormone’s effects.
Q: What are the two broad types of hormonal receptors?
Q: Can you name some types of cell surface receptors?
A: The two broad types of hormonal receptors are cell surface receptors and intracellular or nuclear receptors.
A: Types of cell surface receptors include receptor-ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors.
