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1st Term / PHA115 > Week 18 / Endocrine system 1 > Flashcards

Week 18 / Endocrine system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

A: The endocrine system consists of specialised ductless glands and neurosecretory cells scattered throughout the body.

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2
Q

Q: What do endocrine glands/cells secrete?

A

A: Endocrine glands/cells secrete biologically active chemical messengers called hormones.

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3
Q

Q: How are hormones carried through the body?

A

A: Hormones are carried in the bloodstream to interact with distant target cells.

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4
Q

Q: What is the result of hormone interaction with target cells?

A

A: The interaction leads to a specific target cell response, which can affect metabolism, growth, or reproduction.

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5
Q

Q: What are some of the major glands in the endocrine system? [6]

A

the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland,
pineal gland,
hypothalamus,
adrenal gland,
pancreas, ovary, and testis.

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6
Q

Q: What is the function of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

Q: What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Q: What is the function of the pineal gland?

Q: What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?

Q: What does the adrenal gland produce? [3]

Q: What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

Q: What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Q: What hormones are produced by the testes?

A

A: The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

A: The thyroid gland produces hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism.

A: The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

A: The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and regulates hormone secretion that affects body temperature, hunger, and emotional responses.

A: The adrenal glands produce hormones like cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone, which help manage stress, metabolism, and blood pressure.

A: The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

A: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the female reproductive system.

A: The testes produce testosterone, which regulates male reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics.

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7
Q

Q: What is one of the main functions of the endocrine system?

A

A: The endocrine system is one of the body’s two major regulatory systems, responsible for regulating, integrating, coordinating, and controlling important cellular, organ, and body functions.

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8
Q

Q: How does the endocrine system help with cellular metabolism and balance?

A

A: The endocrine system regulates cellular metabolism and helps maintain water and electrolyte balance.

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9
Q

Q: What role does the endocrine system play in growth and reproduction?

A

A: The endocrine system regulates cell growth, development, and reproduction.

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10
Q

Q: How does the endocrine system assist with stress?

A

A: The endocrine system helps the body cope with stressful situations by making adaptive changes.

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11
Q

Q: How does the endocrine system affect the circulatory and digestive systems?

A

A: The endocrine system controls and integrates the circulatory and digestive systems.

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12
Q

Q: What are the major chemical classifications of hormones in the endocrine system?

A

A: The major chemical classifications of hormones are amines & amino acid derivatives, polypeptides, proteins & glycoproteins, and steroids.

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13
Q

Q: Can you name some examples of amines and amino acid derivative hormones?

A

A: Examples of amines and amino acid derivative hormones include norepinephrine (NA), adrenaline (AD), dopamine (DA), melatonin, T3, and T4.

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14
Q

Q: What are some examples of polypeptides, proteins, and glycoprotein hormones?

A

A: Examples include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and insulin.

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15
Q

Q: What are steroids in terms of hormone classification?

Q: Can you name some examples of steroid hormones?

A

A: Steroids are hormones derived from cholesterol

A: Examples of steroid hormones include cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone.

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16
Q

Q: What is the difference between hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones?

A

A: Hydrophilic hormones are water-soluble (e.g., polypeptides, proteins), while lipophilic hormones are fat-soluble (e.g., steroid hormones).

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17
Q

Q: What is the vesicle-mediated pathway in hormone synthesis?

A

A: In the vesicle-mediated pathway, hormones are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and packaged in secretory vesicles. This pathway is used for polypeptide/protein hormones.

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18
Q

Q: How are steroid hormones synthesized and released?

A

A: Steroid hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and are directly released without the use of vesicles.

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19
Q

Q: How are peptide hormones and amines transported in the bloodstream?

A

A: Peptide hormones and amines are transported in the bloodstream in their free and unbound form.

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20
Q

Q: How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported in the bloodstream?

A

A: Steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream bound to carrier proteins.

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21
Q

Q: How is the timing or pattern of hormone secretion often regulated?

A

A: Hormone secretion can be regulated in a pulsatile or cyclical pattern.

22
Q

Q: What is negative-feedback control in hormonal secretion?

Q: What is the role of end-product inhibition in negative-feedback control?

A

A: Negative-feedback control is a mechanism where the end-product of a process inhibits its own production, helping to maintain balance in the system.

A: End-product inhibition is when the final product of a biochemical pathway inhibits the production of the hormone or substance, thereby controlling its levels.

23
Q

Q: How do hormones produce their effects on target cells?

Q: What are target cell receptors linked to?

A

A: Hormones produce their effects by interacting with specific receptors on target cells.

A: Target cell receptors are linked to specific effector systems in the cell, which mediate the hormone’s effects.

24
Q

Q: What are the two broad types of hormonal receptors?

Q: Can you name some types of cell surface receptors?

A

A: The two broad types of hormonal receptors are cell surface receptors and intracellular or nuclear receptors.

A: Types of cell surface receptors include receptor-ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors.

25
Q

Q: What is the role of tyrosine kinase-linked receptors in hormonal signalling?

A

A: Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors are involved in signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation through the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on target proteins.

26
Q

Q: Where are intracellular or nuclear receptors located, and what is their function?

A

A: Intracellular or nuclear receptors are located inside the cell, either in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and they regulate gene expression by interacting with DNA in response to hormone binding.

27
Q

Q: What are the three main causes of endocrine disorders?

A

A: Endocrine disorders may result from hyposecretion, hypersecretion, or abnormal target cell responsiveness.

28
Q

Q: What is hyposecretion in endocrine disorders?

Q: What is hypersecretion in endocrine disorders?

A

A: Hyposecretion occurs when an endocrine gland secretes too little of its hormone. It can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.

A: Hypersecretion occurs when an endocrine gland secretes too much of its hormone. It can also be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.

29
Q

Q: What does “abnormal target cell responsiveness” refer to in endocrine disorders?

A

A: Abnormal target cell responsiveness occurs when target cells fail to respond appropriately to hormones, even when hormone levels are normal.

30
Q

Q: What is receptor down-regulation in the context of endocrine disorders?

Q: What is receptor up-regulation in endocrine disorders?

A

A: Receptor down-regulation refers to a decrease in the number of receptors on target cells, reducing their sensitivity to a hormone.

A: Receptor up-regulation refers to an increase in the number of receptors on target cells, enhancing their sensitivity to a hormone

31
Q

Q: What are the two broad anatomical divisions of the endocrine system?

Q: Which glands are part of the central endocrine glands?

Q: Which glands are part of the peripheral endocrine glands?

A

A: The two broad anatomical divisions are the central endocrine glands and the peripheral endocrine glands.

A: The central endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland.

A: The peripheral endocrine glands include the thyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid glands, and the gonads (ovaries and testes).

32
Q

Q: Where are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland located?

A

A: Both are located in the diencephalon of the brain.

33
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

A: They function cooperatively as “master regulators” of the endocrine system, controlling critical homeostatic and metabolic functions.

34
Q

Q: How are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland connected?

Q: How are the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland connected?

A

A: They are connected by blood flow via the hypophyseal portal system, allowing the hypothalamus to regulate the anterior pituitary.

A: They are connected via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal nerve tract, which allows direct neural communication.

35
Q

Q: What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the body?

Q: Why is the hypothalamus referred to as a neuroendocrine transducer?

Q: How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of pituitary hormones?

Q: What is the role of pituitary hormones regulated by the hypothalamus?

A

A: The hypothalamus acts as the brain’s coordinating center for endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic nervous system functions.

A: It serves as a bridge by receiving and integrating multiple brain signals, converting electrical signals into chemical messages.

A: The hypothalamus releases chemical messengers (hormones) that regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones.

A: Pituitary hormones control the activity of peripheral endocrine glands, influencing various physiological processes.

36
Q

Q: What is the role of hypothalamic releasing hormones?

Q: Where are hypothalamic releasing hormones sent?

Q: What happens after the anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones?

Q: What is the primary function of tropic hormones?

A

A: Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its stored tropic hormones.

A: They are sent to the anterior pituitary.

A: The tropic hormones enter systemic circulation and signal other endocrine organs to grow and secrete their hormones.

A: Tropic hormones regulate the activity of other endocrine glands in the body.

37
Q

Q: Which hypothalamic hormones stimulate anterior pituitary secretions?

Q: Which hypothalamic hormones inhibit anterior pituitary secretions?

A

A: The stimulatory hormones are growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

A: The inhibitory hormones are somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, GHIH) and dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH).

38
Q

Q: What is the role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

Q: What is the function of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

Q: What is the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

Q: What is the function of somatostatin (GHIH)?

Q: What is the role of dopamine (PIH)?

A

A: TRH stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary.

A: CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary.

A: GnRH stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

A: Somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary.

A: Dopamine inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

39
Q

Q: What is the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the anterior pituitary?

Q: What is the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on the anterior pituitary?

Q: What is the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the anterior pituitary?

Q: What is the effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on the anterior pituitary?

Q: What is the effect of somatostatin (GHIH) on the anterior pituitary?

Q: What is the effect of prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) on the anterior pituitary?

Q: What is the effect of dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH) on the anterior pituitary?

A

A: TRH stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin.

A: CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

A: GnRH stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

A: GHRH stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH).

A: Somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

A: PRH stimulates the release of prolactin.

A: Dopamine inhibits the release of prolactin.

40
Q

Q: Which hypothalamic hormones are transported and stored in the posterior pituitary?

Q: What is the function of vasopressin (ADH)?

Q: What is the role of oxytocin?

A

A: Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) and oxytocin.

A: Vasopressin helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A: Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and promotes milk ejection during breastfeeding.

41
Q

Q: What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

A: The pituitary gland is also known as the hypophysis.

42
Q

Q: Why is the pituitary gland called the “Master Gland”?

A

A: It is called the “Master Gland” because it secretes hormones that control the function of many target glands and cells.

43
Q

Q: What are the two distinct lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

A: The two lobes are the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis).

44
Q

Q: How many major hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

A: The anterior pituitary secretes and releases six major hormones.

45
Q

Q: What is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

A: The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones: vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin.

46
Q

Q: What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)?

A

A: Growth hormone regulates overall body growth and stimulates the growth of soft tissues and bone.

47
Q

Q: How does GH promote tissue growth?

Q: What specific types of growth does GH promote in bones?

Q: How are the growth-promoting effects of GH mediated?

A

A: GH stimulates cell division (hyperplasia) and protein synthesis, leading to tissue hypertrophy.

A: GH promotes cartilage growth and bone growth in both length and thickness.

A: GH’s effects are mediated through the release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) or somatomedins, primarily by the liver.

48
Q

Q: What is the role of growth hormone (GH) in intermediary metabolism?

A

A: GH plays an important role in intermediary metabolism, exerting largely anti-insulin effects.

49
Q

Q: How does growth hormone affect lipolysis and fatty acids?

Q: How does growth hormone impact glucose metabolism?

Q: What factors modulate the secretion of growth hormone (GH)?

A

A: GH increases lipolysis, leading to the mobilization of free fatty acids (FFAs) for use as fuel.

A: GH inhibits peripheral cellular glucose uptake, increasing blood glucose levels and decreasing the use of glucose as fuel.

A: GH secretion is modulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin from the hypothalamus, as well as ghrelin from the gastric fundus.

50
Q

Q: What are the growth-promoting actions of growth hormone (GH)?

Q: How does GH affect adipose tissue?

Q: What effect does growth hormone have on carbohydrate metabolism?

Q: How does growth hormone affect body growth?

A

A: GH promotes increased protein synthesis in the liver, growth in bone and cartilage, and increased lean muscle mass.

A: GH increases lipolysis, leading to increased free fatty acid (FFA) use and a decrease in adiposity (fat stores).

A: GH decreases glucose use by peripheral cells and increases blood glucose levels.

A: GH increases linear growth, especially in bone and cartilage, leading to increased size and function of body organs.

1st Term / PHA115 (37 decks)

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