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1st Term / PHA115 > Week 16 / GI system 3 > Flashcards

Week 16 / GI system 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What are the three main subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

A: The three main subdivisions are:

Duodenum (including hepatopancreatic organs)
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

Q: What is the main function of the jejunum?

A

A: The jejunum is the primary site for nutrient absorption.

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2
Q

Q: What is the primary role of the duodenum in the small intestine?

A

A: The duodenum is where most chemical digestion begins with the help of bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.

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3
Q

Q: What is the primary role of the ileum?

A

A: The ileum absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and remaining nutrients before passing the chyme to the large intestine.

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4
Q

Q: How long is the duodenum?

A

A: The duodenum is the first 10 inches of the small intestine.

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5
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the duodenum?

A

A: The duodenum is the first site of intensive digestion and receives bile and pancreatic juice.

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6
Q

Q: How do bile and pancreatic juice reach the duodenum?

A

A: They are delivered via the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.

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7
Q

Q: What happens when fatty chyme enters the duodenum?

A

A: The duodenum releases cholecystokinin (CCK), which triggers the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

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8
Q

Q: What is the duodenum’s response to acidic chyme?

A

A: Acidic chyme stimulates the release of secretin, which promotes the release of pancreatic bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity.

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8
Q

Q: What are the two functional divisions of the pancreas?

A

A: Exocrine and Endocrine.

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9
Q

Q: What do duct cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

A: An aqueous bicarbonate solution.

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10
Q

Q: What do acinar cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

A: Pancreatic juice containing proteases, amylase, and lipase.

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11
Q

Q: What cells make up the endocrine pancreas?

A

A: Islets of Langerhans, including β-cells and α-cells.

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12
Q

Q: What do β-cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

A: Insulin.

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13
Q

Q: What do α-cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

A: Glucagon.

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14
Q

Q: What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas, and what do they secrete?

A

A: Endocrine cells include β-cells (secrete insulin) and α-cells (secrete glucagon).

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15
Q

Q: What do exocrine cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

A: Digestive enzymes, including proteases, amylase, and lipase.

16
Q

Q: What do duct cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

A: Bicarbonate solution.

17
Q

Q: What does the gallbladder contribute to digestion?

A

A: It stores and releases bile into the common bile duct.

18
Q

Q: How do the pancreas and gallbladder release their secretions into the duodenum?

A

A: Through the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

19
Q

Q: What is the liver’s main digestive function?

A

A: The liver’s main digestive function is the production of bile.

20
Q

Q: What is the liver composed of?

A

A: The liver is composed of ‘plates’ of liver cells called hepatocytes.

21
Q

Q: What is bile, and what is its main function?

A

A: Bile is a yellow-green, alkaline solution that acts as a fat emulsifier.

22
Q

Q: What does bile contain?

A

A: Bile contains bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes.

23
Q

Q: What are the main sites of absorption in the small intestine?

A

A: The duodenum and jejunum.

24
Q

Q: Where is bile stored and released from?

A

A: Bile is stored and released from the gallbladder.

25
Q

Q: What do the duodenum and jejunum freely absorb?

A

A:

Products of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion.
Most ingested electrolytes, vitamins, and water.

26
Q

Q: Which nutrients’ absorption is adjusted to the body’s needs in the duodenum and jejunum?

A

A: Calcium and iron.

27
Q

Q: What does the ileum absorb?

A

A:

Bile salts
Vitamin B12
Electrolytes and water

28
Q

Q: How are large fat globules emulsified in the small intestine?

A

A: Bile salts emulsify large fat globules into smaller fat droplets, increasing the surface area for pancreatic lipase action.

29
Q

Q: What does pancreatic lipase do to triglycerides?

A

A: It hydrolyzes triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.

30
Q

Q: What carries water-insoluble products of fat digestion to the epithelial cells of the small intestine?

A

A: Water-soluble micelles formed by bile salts and other bile constituents.

31
Q

Q: How do monoglycerides and fatty acids enter small-intestine epithelial cells?

A

A: They leave the micelle and passively diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the luminal membranes.

32
Q

Q: What happens to monoglycerides and fatty acids inside epithelial cells?
A: They are resynthesized into

A

triglycerides.

33
Q

Q: How are triglycerides made water-soluble inside epithelial cells?

A

A: They aggregate and are coated with a layer of lipoprotein to form chylomicrons.

34
Q

Q: How do chylomicrons leave the epithelial cells?

A

A: By exocytosis through the basal membrane.

35
Q

Q: Why do chylomicrons enter lymphatic vessels instead of capillaries?

A

A: They are too large to cross the basement membrane of capillaries, so they enter the central lacteals.

36
Q

Q: What are the components of the large intestine?

A

A: The colon, caecum, appendix, and rectum.

37
Q

Q: What are the primary functions of the large intestine?

A

A: It acts as a drying and storage organ.

38
Q

Q: What does the large intestine absorb?

A

A: Water, electrolytes, several vitamin B complexes, vitamin K, and folic acid.

39
Q

Q: How many species of beneficial bacteria are found in the large intestine?

A

A: Approximately 500–1000 species.

40
Q

Q: What is the role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine?

A

A: They produce vitamin K and folic acid, and ferment indigestible molecules to produce short-chain fatty acids.

1st Term / PHA115 (35 decks)

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