Week 15 / Anatomy 1 Flashcards
Q: What is anatomy?
A: Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of the body.
Q: What is physiology?
A: Physiology is the science that studies the functions of the body.
Q: How are anatomy and physiology related?
A: Anatomy (structure) determines physiology (functions).
Q: What is anatomy?
A: Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Q: What is gross (or macroscopic) anatomy?
A: It is the study of large, visible structures of the body.
Q: What is microscopic anatomy?
A: It is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Q: What is developmental anatomy?
A: It is the study of structural changes in the body throughout the lifespan.
What are the 3 subspecialities of Gross anatomy ?
Regional
systemic
surface
Q: What is regional anatomy?
A: Regional anatomy is the study of all structures in one specific part of the body, such as the abdomen or leg.
Q: What is systemic anatomy?
A: Systemic anatomy is the study of the gross anatomy of the body by systems, such as the skeletal or muscular system.
Q: What is surface anatomy?
A: Surface anatomy is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin.
Q: What is cytology?
A: Cytology is the study of cells.
Q: What is histology?
A: Histology is the study of tissues.
Q: What does developmental anatomy study?
A: Developmental anatomy traces structural changes throughout life.
Q: What is embryology?
A: Embryology is the study of developmental changes of the body before birth.
Q: What is physiology?
A: Physiology is the study of the normal function of cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organisms.
Q: At what levels does physiology often focus on functions?
A: Physiology often focuses on the cellular or molecular level.
Q: What does renal physiology study?
A: Renal physiology studies kidney function.
Q: What does neurophysiology study?
A: Neurophysiology studies the workings of the nervous system.
Q: What does cardiovascular physiology study?
A: Cardiovascular physiology studies the operation of the heart and blood vessels.
Q: What is cell physiology?
A: Cell physiology is the study of the functions of cells.
Q: What is special physiology?
A: Special physiology is the study of the functions of a specific organ.
Q: What is systemic physiology?
A: Systemic physiology is the study of the functions of organ systems.
Q: What is pathological physiology?
A: Pathological physiology is the study of the effects of disease on cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Q: What does embryology study?
A: The first eight weeks of development in humans following fertilization of an egg.
Q: What does developmental biology study?
A: The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
Q: What does cell biology study?
A: Cellular structure and functions.
Q: What does histology study?
A: The microscopic structure of tissues.
Q: What does radiographic anatomy study?
A: Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays.
Q: What does pathological anatomy study?
A: Structural changes associated with disease.
Q: What does neurophysiology study?
A: The functional properties of nerve cells.
Q: What does endocrinology study?
A: Hormones and how they regulate body functions.
Q: What does immunology study?
A: How the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
Q: What does respiratory physiology study?
A: The functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Q: What does renal physiology study?
A: The functions of the kidneys.
Q: What does exercise physiology study?
A: Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
Q: What does pathophysiology study?
A: Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
What are the basic functions of organisms?
[6]
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
Q: What does comparative anatomy reveal about vertebrates?
A: All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, which is most noticeable during embryology.
Q: What is the cellular level of organization?
A: It consists of cells containing organelles and is the basic unit of life.
Q: What is the tissue level of organization?
A: Groups of cells and surrounding material.
Q: What are the four basic types of tissues?
A: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Q: What is the organ level of organization?
A: A group of tissues performing a common function.
Q: What is the system level of organization?
A: A group of organs with a common function.
Q: What is the organism level of organization?
A: It includes all systems of an individual.
Q: What are the components of the integumentary system? [4]
A: Skin and structures associated with it, such as hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.
Q: What are the functions of the integumentary system?
[5]
A:
Helps regulate body temperature
Protects the body
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth, and cold.
Q: What are the components of the skeletal system?
A: Bones, joints of the body, and their associated cartilages.
Q: What are the functions of the skeletal system?
[5]
A:
Supports and protects the body
Provides a specific area for muscle attachment
Assists with body movements
Stores cells that produce blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Q: What are the components of the muscular system?
A: Skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually attached to bones), and other muscle tissues such as smooth and cardiac.
Q: What are the functions of the muscular system?
[3]
A:
Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking
Maintains posture
Produces heat.
Q: What are the components of the nervous system?
A: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears.
Q: What are the functions of the nervous system? [3]
A:
Regulates body activities through nerve impulses
Detects changes in the environment
Interprets the changes
Responds to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Q: What are the components of the endocrine system?
A: All glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones.
Q: What are the functions of the endocrine system?
A:
Regulates body activities through hormones
Hormones are transported by the blood to various target organs.
Q: What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
A: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Q: What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? [4]
A:
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and wastes from cells
Helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids
Blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels.
Q: What are the components of the lymphatic system and immunity?
A:
Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels
Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
Cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
Q: What are the functions of the lymphatic system and immunity? [3]
A:
Returns proteins and fluid to blood
Carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood
Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
Q: What are the components of the respiratory system?
A: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them.
Q: What are the functions of the respiratory system?
A:
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
Helps regulate acidity of body fluids
Air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
Q: What are the components of the digestive system?
A:
Organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus
Accessory digestive organs, such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Q: What are the functions of the digestive system?
[3]
A:
Physical and chemical breakdown of food
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates solid wastes.
Q: What are the components of the urinary system?
[4]
A: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Q: What are the functions of the urinary system?
[4]
A:
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
Eliminates wastes and regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood
Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
Maintains the body’s mineral balance
Helps regulate red blood cell production.
Q: What are the components of the reproductive systems?
A:
Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females)
Associated organs: uterine tubes,
uterus, and vagina in females;
epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, and penis in males
Mammary glands in females.
Q: What are the functions of the reproductive systems?
A:
Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones regulating reproduction and other body processes
Associated organs transport and store gametes
Mammary glands produce milk.
Q: How are disorders or diseases distinguished from one another?
A:
Through signs and symptoms
Medical history, including information about past illnesses and present conditions.
Q: What is included in the medical history during diagnosis?
A:
Collecting information about the event
Present illnesses and past medical problems.
Q: What is the purpose of a physical examination?
A: It is an orderly evaluation of the body and its functions.
