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1st Term / PHA115 > Week 17 / Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle 1 > Flashcards

Week 17 / Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

A

DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of specific proteins.

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

It is the process where information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA.

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3
Q

What is the product of transcription?

A

A specific molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid).

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4
Q

What is translation?

A

where RNA attaches to a ribosome, and the information in the RNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a new protein.

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5
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

At the ribosome.

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6
Q

What is the end result of translation?

A

A new protein molecule is formed.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of chemical synthesis in cells?

A

To maintain homeostasis.

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8
Q

Why is much of a cell’s machinery dedicated to synthesizing proteins?

A

To produce a large number of diverse proteins needed for cellular functions.

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9
Q

What role do proteins play in determining a cell’s characteristics?

A

Proteins determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells.

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10
Q

Name a structural role of proteins in cells.

A

Proteins help assemble cellular structures such as the plasma membrane, the cytoskeleton, and organelles.

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11
Q

List three functional roles of proteins in the body.

A
  1. Hormones: Regulate bodily functions.
  2. Antibodies: Defend against pathogens.
  3. Contractile elements: Enable muscle movement.
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12
Q

How do proteins act as enzymes?

A

They regulate the rates of numerous chemical reactions in cells.

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13
Q

What is the role of transport proteins?

A

They carry various materials in the blood.

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14
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

Three types of RNA are made from the DNA template.

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15
Q

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein.

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16
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

rRNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes.

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17
Q

What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do during protein synthesis?

A

tRNA binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation.

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18
Q

How many types of RNA are involved in transcription?

A

Three: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

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19
Q

What is the role of miRNA

A

Regulate gene expression

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20
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the transcription of DNA?

A

RNA polymerase.

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21
Q

How many DNA strands serve as a template during transcription?

A

Only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template.

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22
Q

What is the segment of DNA called where transcription begins?

A

The promoter, a special nucleotide sequence.

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22
Q

How do bases pair during transcription?

A

A: Bases pair in a complementary manner.

23
Q

What is the segment of DNA called where transcription ends?

A

The terminator, a special end sequence.

24
Q

What does the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specify?

A

The amino acid sequence of a protein.

25
Q

Where does translation occur in the cell?

A

At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

26
Q

What is the role of the small ribosomal subunit in translation?

A

It has a binding site for mRNA.

27
Q

What are the binding sites on the large ribosomal subunit?

A

The P site and the A site, which bind tRNA molecules.

28
Q

What happens at the P site during translation?

A

The first tRNA molecule bearing a specific amino acid attaches to the mRNA at the P site.

29
Q

What happens at the A site during translation?

A

The next tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA at the A site, preparing for amino acid incorporation.

30
Q

During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base adenine (A)?

A

Uracil (U).

31
Q

During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base thymine (T)?

A

Adenine (A).

32
Q

During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base guanine (G)?

A

Cytosine (C).

33
Q

During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base cytosine (C)?

A

Guanine (G).

34
Q

What replaces thymine (T) in RNA during transcription?

A

Uracil (U).

35
Q

What is the relationship between template DNA and complementary RNA?

A

The RNA sequence is complementary to the DNA template sequence.

36
Q

What is cell division?

A

A: The process by which the human body generates new cells.

37
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Somatic cell division and reproductive cell division.

38
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Any cell of the body other than a germ cell.

39
Q

What are the two divisions involved in somatic cell division?

A

Mitosis: Nuclear division.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division.

40
Q

What is the purpose of somatic cell division?

A

To replace dead or injured cells and add new cells during tissue growth.

41
Q

What is the purpose of reproductive cell division?

A

To produce gametes, the cells needed for forming the next generation in sexually reproducing organisms.

42
Q

What type of division occurs in reproductive cell division?

A

A special two-step process called meiosis.

43
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes during meiosis?

A

The number of chromosomes in the nucleus is reduced by half.

44
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

An orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.

45
Q

Why is meiosis important for sexually reproducing organisms?

A

It ensures gametes have half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic diversity when gametes combine during fertilization.

46
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.

47
Q

Where do the chromosomes in a somatic cell come from?

A

One member of each pair is inherited from each parent.

48
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that make up each pair, containing similar genes arranged in the same or almost the same order.

49
Q

Which types of human cells undergo somatic cell division?

A

Cells in the brain, stomach, kidneys, and other parts of the body, excluding germ cells.

50
Q

What is the exception to homologous chromosome pairs in somatic cells?

A

he sex chromosomes (X and Y).

51
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in females?
What are the sex chromosomes in males?

A

Two large X chromosomes (XX).
One large X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome (XY).

52
Q

Why are somatic cells called diploid cells?

A

They contain two sets of chromosomes, symbolized as 2n.

53
Q

What are the two major periods of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase: When the cell is not
dividing.
Mitotic (M) Phase: When the cell is
dividing.

54
Q

What happens during interphase in the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and prepares for division.

55
Q

Describe the stages of cell cycle

A

Interphase :
G1: Growth
S: Growth and DNA synthesis
G2: Growth and Final preparations for division

Mitotic phase:

Mitosis : Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase

Cytokinesis

1st Term / PHA115 (37 decks)

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