Week 17 / Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle Student Flashcards
Q: What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
Q: What is transcription?
Q: What is the product of transcription?
Q: What is translation?
Q: Where does translation occur?
Q: What is the end result of translation?
A: DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of specific proteins.
A: It is the process where information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA.
A: A specific molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid).
A: The process where RNA attaches to a ribosome, and the information in the RNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids to form a new protein.
A: At the ribosome.
A: A new protein molecule is formed.
Q: What is the purpose of chemical synthesis in cells?
Q: Why is much of a cell’s machinery dedicated to synthesizing proteins?
Q: What role do proteins play in determining a cell’s characteristics?
Q: Name a structural role of proteins in cells.
Q: List three functional roles of proteins in the body.
Q: How do proteins act as enzymes?
Q: What is the role of transport proteins?
A: To maintain homeostasis.
A: To produce a large number of diverse proteins needed for cellular functions.
A: Proteins determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells.
A: Proteins help assemble cellular structures such as the plasma membrane, the cytoskeleton, and organelles.
A:
1. Hormones: Regulate bodily functions.
2. Antibodies: Defend against pathogens.
3. Contractile elements: Enable muscle movement.
A: They regulate the rates of numerous chemical reactions in cells.
A: They carry various materials in the blood.
Q: What happens during transcription?
Q: What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Q: What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Q: What does transfer RNA (tRNA) do during protein synthesis?
Q: How many types of RNA are involved in transcription?
What is the role of miRNA
A: Three types of RNA are made from the DNA template.
A: mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein.
A: rRNA joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes.
A: tRNA binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation.
A: Three: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
Regulate gene expression
Q: Which enzyme catalyzes the transcription of DNA?
Q: How many DNA strands serve as a template during transcription?
Q: What is the segment of DNA called where transcription begins?
Q: How do bases pair during transcription?
Q: What is the segment of DNA called where transcription ends?
A: RNA polymerase.
A: Only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template.
A: The promoter, a special nucleotide sequence.
A: The promoter, a special nucleotide sequence.
A: Bases pair in a complementary manner.
A: The terminator, a special end sequence.
Q: What does the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specify?
Q: Where does translation occur in the cell?
Q: What is the role of the small ribosomal subunit in translation?
Q: What are the binding sites on the large ribosomal subunit?
Q: What happens at the P site during translation?
Q: What happens at the A site during translation?
A: The amino acid sequence of a protein.
A: At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
A: It has a binding site for mRNA.
A: The P site and the A site, which bind tRNA molecules.
A: The first tRNA molecule bearing a specific amino acid attaches to the mRNA at the P site.
A: The next tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA at the A site, preparing for amino acid incorporation.
Q: During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base adenine (A)?
Q: During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base thymine (T)?
Q: During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base guanine (G)?
Q: During transcription, which RNA base pairs with the DNA base cytosine (C)?
Q: What replaces thymine (T) in RNA during transcription?
Q: What is the relationship between template DNA and complementary RNA?
A: Uracil (U).
A: Adenine (A).
A: Cytosine (C).
A: Guanine (G).
A: Uracil (U).
A: The RNA sequence is complementary to the DNA template sequence.
Q: What is cell division?
Q: What are the two types of cell division?
Q: What is a somatic cell?
Q: What are the two divisions involved in somatic cell division?
Q: What is the purpose of somatic cell division?
A: The process by which the human body generates new cells.
A: Somatic cell division and reproductive cell division.
A: Any cell of the body other than a germ cell.
A: Mitosis: Nuclear division.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division.
A: To replace dead or injured cells and add new cells during tissue growth.
Q: What is the purpose of reproductive cell division?
Q: What type of division occurs in reproductive cell division?
Q: What happens to the number of chromosomes during meiosis?
Q: Why is meiosis important for sexually reproducing organisms?
A: To produce gametes, the cells needed for forming the next generation in sexually reproducing organisms.
A: A special two-step process called meiosis.
A: The number of chromosomes in the nucleus is reduced by half.
A: It ensures gametes have half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic diversity when gametes combine during fertilization.
Q: What is the cell cycle?
Q: How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?
Q: Where do the chromosomes in a somatic cell come from?
Q: What are homologous chromosomes?
Q: Which types of human cells undergo somatic cell division?
A: An orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides into two.
A: 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
A: One member of each pair is inherited from each parent.
A: Chromosomes that make up each pair, containing similar genes arranged in the same or almost the same order.
A: Cells in the brain, stomach, kidneys, and other parts of the body, excluding germ cells.
Q: What is the exception to homologous chromosome pairs in somatic cells?
Q: What are the sex chromosomes in females?
Q: What are the sex chromosomes in males?
Q: Why are somatic cells called diploid cells?
Q: What are the two major periods of the cell cycle?
Q: What happens during interphase in the cell cycle?
A: The sex chromosomes (X and Y).
A: Two large X chromosomes (XX).
A: One large X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome (XY).
A: They contain two sets of chromosomes, symbolized as 2n.
A: Interphase: When the cell is not
dividing.
Mitotic (M) Phase: When the cell is
dividing.
A: The cell grows and prepares for division.
Describe the stages of cell cycle
Interphase :
G1: Growth
S: Growth and DNA synthesis
G2: Growth and Final preparations for division
Mitotic phase:
Mitosis : Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase
Cytokinisis
