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Biological Systems > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine cells

A

secretes hormones into blood

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2
Q

Nerve and endocrine cells - interaction

A

work together to ensure proper functioning of body system

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3
Q

Nerve and endocrine cells - communication

A

most intercellular communication takes place by chemical signals that travel to another cell

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4
Q

Target cell

A

cell that signal molecules bind to in order to trigger response

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5
Q

Nerve control

A

fast and quick

impulses are delivered to highly defined target cells

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6
Q

Endocrine control

A

slow and last a long time in the blood, can alter gene transcription
broadcast to all cells potentially

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7
Q

Nervous system functions

A

controls movement of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Endocrine system function

A

controls prolonged activities

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9
Q

Paracrines

A

chemicals secreted by one cell that affects neighbouring cells

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10
Q

Autocrines

A

chemicals that are secreted into intercellular fluids that diffuse to receptors on very same cell

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11
Q

Hormones

A

carried throughout the body by blood circulation

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

move across the synaptic cleft, secretion may be controlled by impulses that originated far from release site

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13
Q

Pheromones

A

released into environment and affect other individuals

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14
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete substances into a duct or body cavity

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15
Q

Endocrine cells

A

secrete substances into blood

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16
Q

Hormone

A

chemical substance, secreted into blood by endocrine cells that regulate the function of other cells
act at very low blood concentrations

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17
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

resemble neurons
propagate action potentials
cell bodies are in CNS
direct interface between nervous and endocrine system

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18
Q

Nonneural endocrine cells

A

stimulated to secrete hormones by other hormones

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19
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A

water soluble and easily transported in blood
packages in vesicles and released to blood by exocytosis
cant cross cell membrane

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20
Q

Steriod hormones

A

synthesised from cholestrol lipid soluble, bound to carrier proteins in blood

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21
Q

Amine hormones

A

modified amino acids

may be lipid soluble or water soluble `

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22
Q

Hormone binding - on target cell surface

A

binds to part of the receptor protein outside membrane

many receptors are G protein linked

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23
Q

G protein linked receptors

A

initiate second messenger signaling cascades inside target cell

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24
Q

Hormone binding - inside target cell

A

lipid soluble hormones can diffuse through cell membrane

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25
Q

Negative and positive feedback effect on receptor proteins

A

can influence number of receptor protein per cell

negative feedback stabilizes concentration of hormones

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26
Q

Hormones - different cells

A

can have different effects

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27
Q

Peptide hormones - timing

A

synthesised prior to use and stored, can be released quickly

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28
Q

Steroid hormones - timing

A

usually synthesised on demand, initiation of secretion is slow

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29
Q

How hormones are removed from blood

A

liver and kidneys can degrade hormones enzymatically, or hormones are excreted

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30
Q

Peripheral activation

A

hormones are converted to more active forms after they are secreted

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31
Q

Pituitary gland

A

master gland

secretes hormones that control other glands

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32
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

extension of brain, hormones are synthesised and secreted by brain neurosecretory cells

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33
Q

Hypothalamus hormones

A

antiduirectic

oxytocin

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34
Q

antidiurectic hormone

A

controls water excretion of kidney

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35
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions during birth and milk flow

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36
Q

Anterior pituitary - cells

A

hormones are synthesised by nonneural endocrine cells

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37
Q

Tropic hormones

A

tropins that control other endocrine glands

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38
Q

Adrenocorticotropin

A

controls adrenal cortex

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39
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

controls thyroid gland

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40
Q

LH and FSH

A

control gonads

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41
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A 
Adrenocorticotropin 
Thyriod stimulating 
Lh
FSH
Growth hormone
prolactin
melanocyte stimulating
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42
Q

Growth Hormone

A

promotes growth

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43
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

changes skin colour cells in amphibians

44
Q

Hypothalamo - hypophysial portal system

A

controls that secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

45
Q

Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus

A

secrete hormones into blood capillaries in hypothalamus

46
Q

Neurohormones from hypothalamus

A

releasing hormones

inhibiting hormones

47
Q

Negative feedback control

A

concentration of hormones secreted by target glands provides information to hypothlamus to increase or decrease production of hormones

48
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells that generate and transmit electrical signals
make contact with target cells

49
Q

Cell membrane polarity

A

electrical

outside is more positive than inside

50
Q

Action potential

A

electrical signals

state of reversed polarity

51
Q

Synapse

A

cell to cell contact point specialised for signal transmission

52
Q

dendrites

A

carry signal to cell body

53
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus and organelles

54
Q

axon

A

conducts action potentials away from cell body

55
Q

Presynaptic axon terminals

A

make contact with other

56
Q

Glial cells

A

not excitable
help orient neurons toward their target cells
provide metabolic support for neurons
regulate composition of extracellular fluids and perform immune function
assists signal transmission across synapse

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

glia that insulate axons in brain and spinal cord

58
Q

Schwann cells

A

insulate axons in nerves outside brain and spinal

59
Q

myelin

A

nonconductive sheath

60
Q

white matter

A

myelin coated axons

61
Q

grey matter

A

areas of cell bodies

62
Q

Current

A

flow of electric charges from place to place

current is based on flow of ions

63
Q

Voltage

A

exists if positive charges are concentrated in one place and negative charges are concentrated in different place

64
Q

Membrane potential

A

voltage across membrane

can change rapidly

65
Q

Resting potential

A

-60 mV
negative means that inside cell is electrically negative relative to outside
potassium channels are open

66
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

uses energy from ATP to move 3 Na ions to outside and 2 K to inside

67
Q

Action potential

A

rapid large change in membrane potential that reverse membrane polarity
only travels in one direction

68
Q

Refractory period

A

after action potential, Na channels cannot open again for a brief period of time
cant depolarise

69
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps where axon is not covered by myelin

70
Q

Chemical synapse

A

narrow space between cells that an action cannot cross

71
Q

Electrical synapse

A

cells are joined by gap junctions where cytoplasm is continuous; signal cross with no delay

72
Q

Neuromuscular junctions

A

chemical synapses between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells

73
Q

Neurotransmitter types

A

amino acids
biogenic amines
peptides

74
Q

Centralisation

A

integrating neurons clustered together in centralised organs

75
Q

Cephalisation

A

major integrating areas became concentrated towards anterior end of animal

76
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
composed of mostly neurons and glial cells
interact with sensors and effectors

77
Q

Effectors

A

cells and tissues that perform actions to carry out orders

78
Q

PNS

A

neurons outside CNS

brings sensory information from sense organs to CNS and carry orders from CNS to effectors

79
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons confined to CNS

80
Q

Sensory neurons

A

sensory receptor cells or neurons that carry signals from sensory cells to CNS

81
Q

Efferent neurons

A

convey signals from the CNS to muscles or other effectors

82
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry signals to skeletal muscles

83
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls effectors other than skeletal muscles

84
Q

Vertebrate ANS divisions

A

enteric
sympathetic
parasympathetic

85
Q

Enteric division

A

nerve cells internal to gut wall

86
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight

87
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digests

88
Q

ganglion

A

axons of preganglionic neurons synapse on second neuron outside the CNS in collection of nerve cell bodies

89
Q

Sympathetic neurontransmitter

A

postganglionic - norepinephrine

preganglionic - acetylcholine

90
Q

Parasympathetic neurontransmitter

A

preganglionic and postganglionic - acetylcholine

91
Q

Spinal reflex

A

afferent information converts to efferent activity without going through the brain

92
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outer most layer of cerebral hemisphere

93
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid excreted by testes and ovaries

levels correlated with aggression and territorality

94
Q

Oestrogen

A

main female hormone
controls menstruation and cycle
parental behaviour

95
Q

Oxytocin

A

immediately prior to birth
stimulates uterus to contract
elicits maternal behaviour

96
Q

corticosteriods

A

steroids produced by adrenal cortex
involved in stress response, immune reaction
rapid expression

97
Q

Forebrain

A

ceberal cortex
cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

98
Q

Midbrain

A

tectum and tegmentum

99
Q

Hindbrain

A

pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

100
Q

frontal lobe

A

movement and planning

101
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory input

102
Q

temporal lobe

A

language and memory

103
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

104
Q

Left hemisphere

A

linear thinking mode

105
Q

Right hemisphere

A

holistic thinking mode

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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