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Biological Systems > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

energy Storage

A

stored in chemical bonds and released and transformed by metabolic pathways

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2
Q

Free Energy

A

available to do work

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3
Q

Metabolic Principle 1

A

chemical transformations occur in series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic pathway

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4
Q

Metabolic Principle 2

A

Each reaction is catalysed by a specific enzyme

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5
Q

Metabolic Principle 3

A

Most Metabolic pathways are similar and are controlled by enzymes that are inhibited or actived

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6
Q

Metabolic Principle 4

A

In eukaryotes metabolic pathways occur inside organelles

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7
Q

Endergonic

A

energy requiring

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8
Q

Exergonic

A

energy releasing

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9
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A

exergonic

produces ADP and free energy

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10
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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11
Q

Oxidation

A

loss electrons

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12
Q

The more reduced a molecule

A

more energy in bond

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13
Q

NAD+

A

oxidizing form

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14
Q

NADH

A

reducing form

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15
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

chemcial reactions which substances are combined to form complex molecules
requires energy
build new molecules and store energy

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17
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

metabolic reactions used to harvest energy

energy is released when reduced molecules with many c & H bonds are fully oxidised into CO2

18
Q

Glycolysis

A

takes place in cytosol

- final products are 2 pyruvite, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

19
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

occurs in mitochondria
produces CO2 and acetate, acetate is then bonded to CoEnzymeA to form acetyl CoA
NAD+ goes to NADH

20
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

occurs in mitochondria
operates for every 2 molecules of glucose
starts with acetyl CoA, acetyl is oxidised into 2 CO2

21
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

NADH oxidation is used to actively transport H+ across inner membrane
diffusion of H+ back across drives synthesis of ATP

22
Q

Electron Transport

A

electrons from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 pass from one carrier to the next chain
exergonic
transports H+ across membrane

23
Q

ATP Synthase

A

uses H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis

converts potential energy of H+ gradient into chemical energy

24
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across semi permeable barrier from region of high to low

25
Q

ATP synthase place

A

prokaryotes - gradient is across cell membrane

eukaryotes - chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts

26
Q

Fermentation

A

lactic acid and alcoholic

27
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

NADH is used to reduce Pyruvate into lactic acid

28
Q

Alcoholic Fermentation

A

end product is ethyl alcohol

pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 is released. NADH is used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol

29
Q

Catabolism

A

polysaccharides are hydrolysed to glucose which enters glycolsis
lipid breakdown to fatty acids
proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

citric acid cycle and glycolysis is reduced to form glucose

31
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 12H2O +light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

32
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy

33
Q

Photosynthesis Light Reaction

A

converts light energy to chemical energy

34
Q

Photosynthesis: carbon fixation

A

uses ATP and NADH to produce carbs

35
Q

Cyclic Electron Transport

A

uses photosystem 1 and produces ATP

electron is passed from excited chlorophyll, through electron transport chain, and recycles back to same chlorphyll

36
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

energy in ATP and NADH is used to fix CO2 in reduced forms in carbs
in stroma

37
Q

Autotrophs

A

synthesise energy to supoort their own growth

38
Q

Heterotrophs

A

cannot photosynthesise and depends on autotrophs

39
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

releases energy
cellular respiration
catabolism

40
Q

Endegonic Reaction

A

Requires energy
active transport
cell movement
anabolism

41
Q

Synthesis of Atp

A

glycolysis - pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain/ atp synthesis

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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