Week 4 Flashcards
energy Storage
stored in chemical bonds and released and transformed by metabolic pathways
Free Energy
available to do work
Metabolic Principle 1
chemical transformations occur in series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic pathway
Metabolic Principle 2
Each reaction is catalysed by a specific enzyme
Metabolic Principle 3
Most Metabolic pathways are similar and are controlled by enzymes that are inhibited or actived
Metabolic Principle 4
In eukaryotes metabolic pathways occur inside organelles
Endergonic
energy requiring
Exergonic
energy releasing
Hydrolysis of ATP
exergonic
produces ADP and free energy
Reduction
gain of electrons
Oxidation
loss electrons
The more reduced a molecule
more energy in bond
NAD+
oxidizing form
NADH
reducing form
Catabolic Reactions
usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions
Anabolism
chemcial reactions which substances are combined to form complex molecules
requires energy
build new molecules and store energy
Cellular Respiration
metabolic reactions used to harvest energy
energy is released when reduced molecules with many c & H bonds are fully oxidised into CO2
Glycolysis
takes place in cytosol
- final products are 2 pyruvite, 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
occurs in mitochondria
produces CO2 and acetate, acetate is then bonded to CoEnzymeA to form acetyl CoA
NAD+ goes to NADH
Citric Acid Cycle
occurs in mitochondria
operates for every 2 molecules of glucose
starts with acetyl CoA, acetyl is oxidised into 2 CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
NADH oxidation is used to actively transport H+ across inner membrane
diffusion of H+ back across drives synthesis of ATP
Electron Transport
electrons from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 pass from one carrier to the next chain
exergonic
transports H+ across membrane
ATP Synthase
uses H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis
converts potential energy of H+ gradient into chemical energy
Chemiosmosis
movement of ions across semi permeable barrier from region of high to low
ATP synthase place
prokaryotes - gradient is across cell membrane
eukaryotes - chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Fermentation
lactic acid and alcoholic
Lactic Acid Fermentation
NADH is used to reduce Pyruvate into lactic acid
Alcoholic Fermentation
end product is ethyl alcohol
pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 is released. NADH is used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol
Catabolism
polysaccharides are hydrolysed to glucose which enters glycolsis
lipid breakdown to fatty acids
proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
citric acid cycle and glycolysis is reduced to form glucose
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 12H2O +light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy
Photosynthesis Light Reaction
converts light energy to chemical energy
Photosynthesis: carbon fixation
uses ATP and NADH to produce carbs
Cyclic Electron Transport
uses photosystem 1 and produces ATP
electron is passed from excited chlorophyll, through electron transport chain, and recycles back to same chlorphyll
Calvin Cycle
energy in ATP and NADH is used to fix CO2 in reduced forms in carbs
in stroma
Autotrophs
synthesise energy to supoort their own growth
Heterotrophs
cannot photosynthesise and depends on autotrophs
Exergonic Reaction
releases energy
cellular respiration
catabolism
Endegonic Reaction
Requires energy
active transport
cell movement
anabolism
Synthesis of Atp
glycolysis - pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain/ atp synthesis
