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Biological Systems > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

heterotrophs

A

get energy and chemical building blocks from eating other organisms

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2
Q

Calorie

A

amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree

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3
Q

Metabolic rate

A

amount of energy an animal converts to heat per day

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4
Q

What most energy is stored as

A

lipids as they store the most energy with little water

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5
Q

Essential nutrients

A

required but cannot be synthesised

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6
Q

Standard amino acids

A

20 amino acids that animals need to build proteins, animals can synthesise some of the nonessential amino acids

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7
Q

Essential amino acids

A

ones that cant be synthesised and must come from food

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8
Q

Vitamins

A

essential nutrients
carbon compounds, needed in tiny amounts
either water or lipid soluble
some animals can synthesise some vitamins

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9
Q

Minerals

A

some are required in large amounts while others are needed in small amounts

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10
Q

Nutrient deficiency

A

malnutrition

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11
Q

Aquatic suspension feeders

A

collect tiny organic particles

have evolved mechanisms for filtering

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12
Q

Symbiosis

A

intimate long term association with microbes that synthesise important nutrients for animals

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13
Q

ruminant mammals

A

cow, sheep - have evolved complex stomachs of four chambers

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14
Q

Rumen

A

complex microbial community of bacteria that break down the chewed food by fermentation

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15
Q

microbes - produce

A

produce some vitamin b and essential amino acids that recycle nitrogen which is used to build proteins

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16
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes in gut lumen to produce smaller molecules

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17
Q

Absorption

A

transport of small molecules for gut lumen into the blood

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

gut epithelium and underlying connetive tissue

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19
Q

Submucosa

A

blood and lymph vessels that carry absorbed nutrients to the rest of the body plus neurons that control secretory functions

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20
Q

Layers of smooth muscle around the submucosa

A

circular

longitudal

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21
Q

circular smooth muscle

A

innermost cells oriented around the gut that constrict the gut

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22
Q

longitudinal muscle

A

outermost cells oriented along the gut that shorten the gut

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23
Q

sphincter muscles

A

control food movement by encircling the gut and contracting tightly to seal off one part of the gut from another

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24
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

break bonds by hydrolysis

classed according to the type of molecules they digest and where they act

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25
Q

Lipase

A

hydrolyses fat

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26
Q

Protease

A

hydrolyses proteins

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27
Q

Carbohydrase

A

hydrolyses bonds between sugar in carbs

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28
Q

Intraluminal enzymes

A

digest food molecules in the lumen

29
Q

Membrane associated enzymes

A

attached to epithelial cells lining the gut lumen

30
Q

Intracellular enzymes

A

inside some gut epithelial cells

31
Q

Fore gut

A

mouth, esophagus and stomach

32
Q

Stomach Function

A

stores food
secretes HCL
begins protein digestion by pepsins
squeezes and mixes food with acid and enzymes

33
Q

pepsins

A

enzymes secreted by epithelium

digest proteins

34
Q

Midgut

A

smaller diameter intestine, activates enzymes

35
Q

Hinder Gut

A

larger diameter intestine

stores indigestable wastes and completes reabsorption of water and salts

36
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes along with bicarbonate ions that neutralise tha acid, that flows into midgut via duct

37
Q

Lipid digestion

A

liver secretes bile that emulsify lipids, increasing surface area for digestive enzymes
broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

38
Q

Absorptive state

A

after meal when food is in the gut and nutrients are absorbed

39
Q

Post absorptive state

A

stomach and small intestine are empty and metabolism runs on stored nutrients

40
Q

hormones regulate

A

appetite

digestion processes

41
Q

Gastrin

A

is stimulated when food arrives in gut

stimulates release of HCL and pepsin

42
Q

Secretin and cholecystokinin

A

triggered by entry of food in midgut

inhibits stomach acid secretion and muscle contraction until food is processed

43
Q

Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulate

A

pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

liver to secrete bile

44
Q

Ghrelin

A

secreted when stomach is empty, stimulates appetite

45
Q

Leptin

A

provides feedback to brain about body fat

46
Q

insulin

A

secreted by pancreas

stabilises blood glucose levels and promotes storage of glucose by stimulating liver to make glycogen

47
Q

Glucagon

A

promotes glycogen breakdown into glucose and breakdown of stored lipids and release fatty acids

48
Q

gas exchange

A

the uptake of oxygen and the discharge of CO2

49
Q

gastrovascular cavities

A

animals with simple body plans
body wall only a few cells thick encloses central gastrovascular cavity
fluid inside cavity is contigous with water outside
oxygen can diffuse directly in

50
Q

multilayered organisms - gastrovascular cavities

A

dont work as diffusion distance is too great

51
Q

open circulation

A

blood bathes in organs directly

52
Q

closed circulation

A

blood confined to vessels and distinct from interstital fluid
materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and interstital fluid

53
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

simple closed system

2 chambered heart and single circuit of blood

54
Q

Amphibian circulatory

A

3 chambered heart and 2 circuit blood flow

pulmocutaneous and systemic

55
Q

pulmocutaneous

A

through lungs and skin

56
Q

systemic

A

through body

57
Q

Reptile circulatory system

A

3 chambered heart

single ventricle is separated by septum

58
Q

Mammals and birds circulatory system

A

4 chambered heart
complete separation between blood
complete double circulation

59
Q

Heart Rate

A

number of beats per minute

60
Q

mammal circulation

A

blood flows with right ventricle pumping blood to lungs
lungs oxygenates blood
oxygenated blood from lungs enters the heart at the left atrium and is pumped through aorta to body tissues by left ventricle
blood returns to heart through superior and inferior vena cava which flows into right atrium

61
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

separate each atrium and ventricle

62
Q

Semilunar valves

A

controls blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery

63
Q

blood

A

specialised connective tissue

consists of several cells suspended in plasma

64
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
transport oxygen and CO2
contain haemoglobin

65
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells
defense and immunity
eat bacteria and debris
produces antibodies

66
Q

Platelets

A

blood clotting

67
Q

Plasma

A

90% water

contains inorganic salts and plasma proteins

68
Q

Plasma proteins

A

influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity, lipid transport, immunity and blood clotting

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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