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Biological Systems > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what allowed for photosynthetic plants to move onto land

A

evolution of chloroplasts

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2
Q

Shared derived trait of Plantae

A

primary endosymbiosis

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3
Q

ancestors of Plantae

A

unicellular

similar to glaucophytes

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4
Q

glaucophytes

A

believed to be the sister group to plantae

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5
Q

Red algae

A

multicellular

has phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a

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6
Q

Green Algae

A

contain chlorophyll a and b

store energy as starch

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7
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived trait

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8
Q

Key trait of land plants

A

embryo that is protected by tissues of the parent plant

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9
Q

embryophytes

A

embryo that is protected by tissues of parent plant

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10
Q

Vascular plants

A

tracheophytes

well developed vascular system with fluid conducting cells

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11
Q

tracheids

A

fluid conducting cells

allows transport of water and materials

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12
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

have conduction cells, but no tracheids

form a clade

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13
Q

Land plants development

A

transport systems for water and nutrients
structural support
new ways to disperse gametes and progeny
adapt to dry conditions

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14
Q

Adaptions of land plants

A

cuticle
stomata
gametangia
embryos
pigments that protect against UV radiation
spores with thick walls containing a polymer that prevents drying and decay
mutually beneficial associations with fungi to promote nutrient uptake

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15
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy coating that slows water loss

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16
Q

stomata

A

closable openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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17
Q

Gametangia

A

organs that enclose gametes and prevent drying out

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18
Q

Land plants alternation of generations

A

includes multicellular dipliod and haploid stage

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19
Q

Gametes

A

produced by mitosis

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20
Q

Spores

A

produced by meiosis

develop into multicellular haploid organisms

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21
Q

How diploid zygote develops

A

by mitosis and cytokinesis into multicellular embryo which develops into mature diploid

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22
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular dipliod plants

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23
Q

gametophyte

A

spores develop into multicellular hapliod plant

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24
Q

fusion of gametes

A

produces a diploid zygote which develops into a sporophyte

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25
Q

Nonvascular plants: location

A

moist habitats
bare rocks
dead trees

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26
Q

Nonvascular Plants characteristics

A

have thin cuticle
mostly small
no vascular system to transport water
minerals distributed throughout by diffusion

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27
Q

Nonvascular Plants - gametophyte

A

photosynthetic

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28
Q

Nonvascular reproduction

A

sperm must swim or be splashed by water to reach egg

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29
Q

Vascular system

A

specialised tissue for transport of water and materials throughout plant

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30
Q

Vascular tissue benefit

A

allowed land plants to spread to new environments and diversify rapidly

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31
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and minerals from soil to aerial parts

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32
Q

Phloem

A

conducts products of photosynthesis to use or storage sites

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33
Q

lignin

A

in the cell walls

provides structural support promoting growth

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34
Q

Branching benefit

A

allows more spore production and complex growth patterns

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35
Q

Euphyllophytes

A

clade consisting of monilophytes and seed plants

have overtopping growth

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36
Q

overtopping growth

A

one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others

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37
Q

Megaphylls

A

more complex leaf, may have arisen from flattening of branch tip

38
Q

Megaspore

A

develops into female gametophyte

39
Q

Microspore

A

develops into male gametophyte

40
Q

Seeds

A

provide secure and lasting dormant stage

41
Q

Trend in plant evolution

A

sporophyte became less dependent on gametophyte, gametophyte became smaller

42
Q

pollination

A

arrival of pollen grain near female gamete

43
Q

pollen tube

A

grows from grain and digests to fertilisation

44
Q

seed makeup

A

seed coat
haploid tissue
embryo

45
Q

seed coat

A

developed from tissues of diploid parent

protect from drying, predators and other damage

46
Q

Haploid tissue

A

provides nutrients for developing embryo

47
Q

secondary growth

A

increasing diameter of roots and stems by growth of xylem

48
Q

Gymnosperms

A

seed plants that dont form flowers or fruits
ovules and seeds not protected
only have tracheids within xylem

49
Q

Angiosperms

A

reproductive organs are flowers
seeds enclosed in fruits
ovules and seeds enclosed in modified leaf

50
Q

carpel

A

modified leaf

51
Q

XYlem of angiosperms

A

has vessel elements

52
Q

inflorescence

A

groups of flowers

53
Q

Stamens

A

male gamete

composed of filament and anther

54
Q

Carpels

A

female gamete

base contains ovules

55
Q

Style

A

stalk of carpel

56
Q

Stigma

A

place where pollen lands

57
Q

Perfect flowers

A

have both male and female gametes

58
Q

imperfect flowers

A

2 types, male and female

59
Q

monoecious

A

male and female in same plant

60
Q

Dioecious

A

male and female in different plants

61
Q

Double fertilisation

A

each pollen grain has 2 male gametes, one combines with egg and other combines with two other hapliod nuclei to form triploid cells

62
Q

Triploid cells

A

gives rise to endosperm

nourishes embryo

63
Q

Cotyledons

A

seed leaves

can absorbs and digest endosperms or become photosynthetic

64
Q

Simple fruit

A

developed from single carpel or fused carpels

65
Q

Multiple fruit

A

forms from flower cluster

66
Q

monocots

A

1 cotyledons

67
Q

eudicots

A

2 cotyledons

68
Q

Fungi

A

live by absorptive heterotrophy
muliticellular and unicellular
digestive enzymes are secreted outside body to break down food
molecules than absorbed to cells

69
Q

saprobes

A

absorb nutrients from dead matter

70
Q

parasites

A

absorb nutrients from living hosts

71
Q

fungi evolution

A

from unicellular protist with flagellum

72
Q

Myecelium

A

body of fungi

73
Q

hyphae

A

individual tubular filaments

absorb nutrients from living plants

74
Q

septate hyphae

A

subdivided by incomplete crosswalls

75
Q

coenocytic

A

no septaa but many nuclei

76
Q

Fungi function

A

decompose dead organisms, waste and recycle minerals

decompose cellulose and lignin

77
Q

facultative parasites

A

grow on living organisms or independently

78
Q

obligate parasites

A

grow only on specific living hosts

79
Q

haustoria

A

branching projections that push through cell walls into cell membrane and absorb nutrients

80
Q

predatory fungi

A

trap protists and animals

secrete sticky substances and hyphae grow into trapped prey

81
Q

symbiotic relationships

A

partners live in close, permanent contact with each other

82
Q

mutualistic relationships

A

benefits both partners

83
Q

Lichens

A

associations of fungi with unicellular green algae

84
Q

Myocorrhizae

A

associations of fungi and plant roots

85
Q

Ectomycorrhizae

A

fungi unwraps around individual cells in root but doesnt penetrate cells

86
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

penetrate root cell walls forming treelike structures inside cell, outside plasma membrane

87
Q

Endophytic fungi

A

live in aboveground plants but dont harm plant

produce alkaloid compounds that are toxic to animals

88
Q

forms of fungi asexual reproduction

A

haploid spores produced in sporangia
haploid spores form tips of hyphae
cell division or budding
simple breakages of mycelium

89
Q

Mating types of fungi

A

no male and female

have distinct mating types

90
Q

lichens

A

highly sensitive to air pollution

91
Q

fungi - carbon cycle

A

critical to carbon cycle because of role breaking down dead organic matter

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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