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Biological Systems > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

how plants harvest energy

A

from sunlight

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2
Q

how plants harvest mineral nutrients

A

from soil

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3
Q

Root system

A

anchors plants
absorbs water and minerals
stores photosynthetic products

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4
Q

root system branching

A

increases surface area

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5
Q

shoot system

A

leaves

stem

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6
Q

leaves

A

main photosynthetic organs

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7
Q

stems

A

hold leaves up in sunlight

connect roots and leaves

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8
Q

plant vegetative organs

A

root and shoot system

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9
Q

monocots

A

clade of angiosperm

narrow leaved plants like grasses

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10
Q

eudicots

A

clade of angiosperm

generally broaded leaved plants

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11
Q

processes that develop all organisms

A

determination
differentation
morphogenesis
growth

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12
Q

determination

A

commitment

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13
Q

differentiation

A

specialisation of cells

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14
Q

morphogenesis

A

organisation of cells into tissues and organs

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15
Q

plant development - influences

A

meristems
cell walls
totipotency of most cels

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16
Q

meristems

A

tissue made up of undifferentiated actively dividing cells

can produce new roots, stems, leaves and flower throughout plants life, enabling continuous growth

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17
Q

cell wall

A

rigid extracellular matrix

cells cant move

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18
Q

Morphogenesis

A

occurs through changes in the plane of cell division at cytokinesis
changes direction of tissue growth

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19
Q

Two main growth patterns established in embryo

A

apical basal

radial

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20
Q

apical basal

A

arrangement of cells and tissues along main axis

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21
Q

radial

A

concentric arrangement of tissue systems

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22
Q

first division of zygote

A

uneven

sets up apical basal and polarity

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23
Q

smaller cell

A

becomes embryo

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24
Q

larger cell

A

becomes supporting structures

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25
Q

tissue

A

organised group of cells with similar features that work together

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26
Q

3 types of plant tissue

A

dermal
vascular
ground

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27
Q

Dermal tissue system

A

forms epidermis

usually one cell layer

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28
Q

the epidermis cells differentiate

A

stomata
trichomes
root hairs

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29
Q

stomata

A

pores for gas exchange

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30
Q

trichomes

A

leaf hairs

protect from herbivores and damaging solar radiation

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31
Q

root hairs

A

increase root surface area

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32
Q

cuticle

A

waxy substance
limits water loss
reflects solar radiation
acts as pathogen barrier

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33
Q

ground tissue system

A

between dermal and vascular tissue

contain 3 types of cells

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34
Q

3 types of ground cells

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

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35
Q

parenchyma cells

A

most abundant
large vacuoles and thin cell walls
photosynthesise
store protein and starch

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36
Q

Collenchyma

A

elongated
thich cell walls
provide support

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37
Q

sclerenchyma

A

very thich walls reinforced with lignin
undergo programmed cell death
2 types

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38
Q

2 types of sclerenchyma

A

fibers

sclereids

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39
Q

fibers

A

elongate

provide rigid support

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40
Q

sclereids

A

various shapes

pack together densely

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41
Q

vascular tissue system

A

the transport system

contains xylem and pholem

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42
Q

xylem

A

carries water and minerals from roots to rest of plant

2 cell types

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43
Q

2 types of xylem

A

tracheids

vessel elements

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44
Q

tracheids

A

pits in cell walls that allow movement of water

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45
Q

vessel elements

A

form pipeline

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46
Q

phloem

A

moves carbs from production sites to storage and sites of usage
2 types

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47
Q

2 types of phloem

A

sieve tube elements

companion cells

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48
Q

sieve tube elements

A

meet end to end, forming sieve tubes

lose most of cellular components

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49
Q

companion cells

A

connected to sieve tubes by plasmodesmata

perform many metabolic functions

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50
Q

determinate of plants

A

growth

ceases when adult state is reached

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51
Q

indeterminate of plants

A

roots and shoots

open ended process that can be life long

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52
Q

primary growth

A

lengthening of shoots and roots

apical meristems

53
Q

secondary growth

A

increase in thickness

lateral meristems

54
Q

meristem cells

A

after division, one daugther cell differentiates while the other stays as it is

55
Q

root apical meristems

A

daughter cells on root tip form root cap

56
Q

root cap

A

protects root as it pushes through soil

cells detect garvity and control downward growth

57
Q

apical meristems

A

produce primary meristems
protoderm
ground meristem
procambium

58
Q

root protoderm

A

produces epidermis

59
Q

root ground meristem

A

produces cortex, with parenchyma cells and endodermis

60
Q

endodermal cells

A

have waterproof suberin in cell walls and control movement of water into vascular system

61
Q

root procambium

A

produce vascular cylinder (stele) which is made of pericycle xylem and phloem

62
Q

pericycle functions

A

give rise to lateral roots
give rise to lateral meristems, contributing to secondary growth
export nutrients

63
Q

monocots root system

A

fibrous
roots are equal in diameter
adventitious roots

64
Q

adventitious roots

A

arise from stem tissues above initial root

65
Q

shoot apical meristem

A

lays down at beginnings of leaf

66
Q

leaf primordia

A

bulges that leaves arise from

67
Q

bud primordia

A

form above leaf primordia

initiate new shoots

68
Q

shoot protoderm

A

gives rise to shoot epidermis

69
Q

shoot ground meristem

A

gives rise to shoot cortex

70
Q

shoot procambium

A

gives rise to shoot vascular system

71
Q

leaves

A

determinate

flat blade attached to plant stem by petiole in eudicots

72
Q

petioles

A

allow leaves to adjust orientation

73
Q

perpendicular

A

to suns rays to maximise light

74
Q

parallel

A

avoid overheating

75
Q

leaf anatomy

A

adapted to carry out photosynthesis
gas exchange
limit evaporative water loss
export products of photosynthesis

76
Q

mesophyll

A

photosynthetic parenchyma

have air spaces that allows co2 to diffuse

77
Q

taproots

A

function in storage

78
Q

prop roots

A

help support shoot

79
Q

eudicot secondary growth

A

from
vascular cambium
cork cambium

80
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem (inner bark)

81
Q

cork cambium

A

produces waxy walled protective cells

82
Q

monocots secondary growth

A

dont have

83
Q

essential elements

A

absence disrupts plant growth and reproduction

84
Q

macronutrients

A 
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
calcium
magnesium
85
Q

micronutrients

A 
iron
chlorine
copper
nickel 
boron
zinc
86
Q

soil

A

provides anchorage
mineral nutrients
o2 for root respiration

87
Q

soil living components

A

plant roots

bacteria, fungi and other animals

88
Q

soil non living components

A 
rock fragments 
water
mineral nutrients 
air spaces
dead organic matter
89
Q

horizons

A

horizontal layers that soil develops in

90
Q

topsoil (A)

A

contains most o soils living and dead organic matter

91
Q

subsoil (B)

A

accumulates materials from topsoil and parent rock

92
Q

parent rock (C)`

A

from which soil arises

93
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

change n2 to NH3

94
Q

hemiparasites

A

can photosynthesise

get water and mineral nutrients from living plants

95
Q

holoparasites

A

no photosynthesis

96
Q

water potential

A

tendency of a solution to take up water from pure water across membrane

97
Q

aquaporins

A

membrane channels that water diffuses through

regulates osmosis

98
Q

proton pump

A

uses energy from atp to move protons out of cell against a proton concentration gradient

99
Q

cations movement

A

move into cell by faciliated diffusion

100
Q

anions movement

A

into cell by coupling movement with h+

101
Q

apoplast

A

water and ions move through cell walls and intracellular spaces
a continuous meshwork
water and solutes never cross membrane

102
Q

symplast

A

water and ions move through continuos cytoplasm of living cells connected by plasmodesmata

103
Q

transpiration cohesion tension

A

how xylem moves water up trees

104
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water from mesophyll cells in the leaves and diffuses out stomata

105
Q

cohesion

A

of water molecules in xylem sap due to hydrogen bonding

106
Q

tension

A

of xylem sap resulting from transpiration

107
Q

stomata

A

pores in epidermis

regulates gas exchange by opening and closing guard cells

108
Q

stomata at day

A

open to allow co2 in

109
Q

stomata at night

A

closes to conserve water

110
Q

guard cells - light reaction

A

absorb light to activate proton pump

111
Q

translocation

A

movement of solutes in the phloem from source to sink

112
Q

source

A

organ that produces or stores carbs

113
Q

sink

A

organ that consumes carbs for growth and storage

114
Q

loading

A

transport of solutes from sources into sieve tubes

115
Q

unloading

A

transport of solutes from sieve tubes to sinks

116
Q

apoplastic pathway

A

solutes enter the apoplast and molecules are actively transported into cells
solutes can be regulated

117
Q

symplastic pathway

A

solutes remain in the symplast at all times

no membranes are crossed

118
Q

monocot stem

A

vascular tissue scattered

119
Q

eudicot stem

A

vascular tissue arranged in concentric circles

120
Q

monocot leaf ventation

A

veins usually parallel

121
Q

eudicot leaf ventation

A

veins form network

122
Q

monocot root system

A

fibrous

no main root

123
Q

eudicot root system

A

taproot (main root) usually present

124
Q

monocot flowers

A

usually in multiples of 3

125
Q

eudicot flowers

A

usually in multiples of 4 or 5

126
Q

monocot pollen

A

pollen grain with single furrow or pore

127
Q

eudicot pollen

A

pollen grain with 3 furrows or pores

128
Q

solute potential

A

solutes reduce the concentration of free water
more solutes the lower the water potential
increases cell tendency to take up water

129
Q

pressure potential

A

as plants take up water they swell

cell wall resists swollen and results in turgor pressure which decreases the tendency for cell to evaporate

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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