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Biological Systems > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division - importance

A

in growth and repair of multicellular organisms

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

offsprings are clones
genetically identical to parents
any genetic variation is due to mutations

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3
Q

single celled prokaryotes - reproduction

A

binary fission

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4
Q

Single celled eukaryotes - reproduction

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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5
Q

mulitcellular eukaryotes - reproduction

A

reproduce by asexual

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

involves fusion of gametes
results in genetic variation
gametes formed by meiosis

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7
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

contains 2 sets of chromosomes that occur in homologous pairs

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8
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

one pair of chromosomes

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9
Q

fertilisation

A

2 haploid cells form a zygote

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10
Q

Sexual reproduction - essence

A

random selection

fusion of haploid gametes to make dipliod cell

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11
Q

Four events of cell division

A

reproductive signals
DNA replication
DNA segregation
Cytokinesis

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12
Q

Replication

A

ocurs as the DNA is threaded through a replication complex of proteins at center of the cell

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13
Q

Segregation

A

as replication proceeds, the ori complexes move to opposite ends of the cell
DNA spequences adjacent to ori region bind to proteins for segregation using ATP
Actin protien provide filaments along which ori and other proteins move

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14
Q

ori

A

where replication starts

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15
Q

ter

A

where replication ends

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16
Q

important regions of circular chromosome

A

ter

ori

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17
Q

cytokinesis

A

after chromosome segregation, cell membrane pinches in and new cell walll is made

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18
Q

Mitosis

A

one nucleus produces 2 daugther nuclei containing same number of chromosomes
continuous

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19
Q

M phase: mitosis

A

segragation of chromosomes into 2 nuclei, followed by cytokinesis

20
Q

Interphase: Mitosis

A

cell nucleus is visible and cell functions occur, including DNA replication

21
Q

Interphase mitosis subphases

A

G1 - variable
S pahse - DNA is replicated
G2- cell prepares for mitosis , synthesises microtubules for segregating chromosomes

22
Q

Prophase

A

3 structures appear
condensed chromosomes
reoriented chromosomes
spindle

23
Q

Karotype

A

the condensed chromosomes distinguished by their sizes and centromere positions

24
Q

centrosome

A

determines orientation of spindle
consists of 2 centrioles
poles at which the chromosomes move twards

25
Q

centrioles

A

hollow tubes formed by microtubules

26
Q

spindle

A

made up of polar microtubules
astral microtubules
Kinetochore microtubules

27
Q

polar microtubules

A

overlap in middle region of cell and keep poles apart

28
Q

Astral microtubules

A

interact with proteins attached to cell membrane, keeps poles apart

29
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

attach to kinetochores on chromatid centromeres

30
Q

Prometaphase: mitosis

A

nuclear envelope breaks down and chromatids attach to kinetochore microtubules

31
Q

Metaphase: mitosis

A

the chromosomes line up at midline of cell

32
Q

Anaphase: mitosis

A

chromatids separate and daughter chromosomes move towards poles

33
Q

Telophase: mitosis

A

nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes and nucleoli appear, and spindle breaks down and chromosomes become less compact

34
Q

Cytokinesis: mitosis

A

in animal cells, cell membrane pinches in between nuclei

in plant cells, vesicles appear along plane of cell division and fuse to form new cell membrane

35
Q

Cyclin dependent kinases

A

trigger substances
catalyse phosphorylation of proteins that regulate cell cylce and are activated by binding to cyclin, which exposes the active site

36
Q

Meiosis

A

two nuclear division
reduces chromosome number to haploi
generates diversity

37
Q

Meiosis 1

A

chromosomes come together and line up along lengths

pairs seperate but individual chromosomes made up of 2 chromatids remain together

38
Q

Meiosis 2

A

not preceded by DNA replication
sister chromatids seperate
4 haploid cells are produced

39
Q

crossing over

A

prophase 1 - chromosomes repel each other but remain attached at chiasmata
genetic material is exchanged between non sister chromosomes
increases genetic variation

40
Q

Independent assortment

A

at anaphase 1, matter of chance which member of homologous pair goes to which daughter cell

41
Q

Nondisjunction

A

homologous pairs fail to separate at anaphase 1

sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase 2

42
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal numbers of chromosomes

43
Q

polyploidy

A

organisms with triploid, tetraploid or higher can form

can occur through extra round of DNA replication or lack of spindle formation

44
Q

Translocation

A

crossing over between non homologous chromosomes

45
Q

necrosis

A

cell is damaged or starved for oxygen or nutrients

cells swell and burst

46
Q

Apoptosis

A

genetically programmed cell death

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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