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Biological Systems > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A

Cells are fundamental units of life
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre existing cells

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2
Q

What limits cells

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

Surface area decrease

A

Size increases

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4
Q

Volume of cell determines

A

Amount of metabolic activity

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5
Q

Surface area determines

A

Amount of substance that can enter from outside and amount of waste product that can exist

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6
Q

Why cells must maintain large surface area

A

In order to function

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7
Q

How irregular shaped cells maintain large ratio

A

Folds in cell membrane

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8
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses glass lense and visible light

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9
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses electron beam and focused by magnets to illuminate a specimen
- specimens are preserved and stained so live cells can’t be visualised

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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

Semi permeable
Communication with other cells and receives signals
Bonds to other cells

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11
Q

Prokaryote structure

A

Cell membrane encloses cell
Nuceliod - where DNA is
Cytoplasm - liquid component and cytosol
Ribosomes - rna and proteins

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12
Q

Internal membrane

A

Allows bacteria to carry out photosynthesis

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13
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Separates DNA transcription (in nucleus) from translation (in cytoplasm)

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports she’ll and maintains shape
Holds cell organelles in position
Moves organelles and other particles around

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15
Q

Microfilaments

A

Helps cell move

Determine and stabilise cell shape

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16
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Fibrous keratin proteins
Anchors cells in place
Resists tension

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

Long, hollow
Form rigid internal skeleton
Acts as framework with motor proteins move along

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18
Q

Extracellular membrane

A

Fibrous macromolecules

Gel like medium

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19
Q

Plant cell wall - extracellular

A

Provides support to the cell and limits volume
Acts as barrier to infection
Contributes to form by controlling direction of cell expansion

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20
Q

ECM

A

Holds cell together
Contributes to physical properties
Filters materials passing between tissue

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21
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevents substances from moving through cells

22
Q

Desmosome

A

Prevents substances from moving through cells

23
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels that allow substances to pass

24
Q

What determines membrane structure

A

It’s lipids and proteins and carbs

25
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Increased by lipid composition and temp

26
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Particully embeddedd through bi layer

27
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Extended through bi layer and have different function each side

28
Q

Primary active transport

A

Direct hydrolysis of atp

29
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses energy from ion concentration gradient or electrical gradient

30
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Integral membrane protein that pumps na+ out of a cell and k+ in

31
Q

Secondary active transport - uses

A

Uses this regained energy by letting ions move across the membrane with their concentration gradient

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating

33
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking

34
Q

Receptor endocytosis

A

Brings specific molecules to a cell via specific receptors

35
Q

Autocrine signals

A

Affects same cells that realise

36
Q

Paracrine signals

A

Difuse to and affect nearby cells

37
Q

Juxtacrine signals

A

Requires contact between cells

38
Q

Hormones

A

Travel to distant cells

39
Q

DNA replication and transcription - place

A

Nucleus

40
Q

RNA translation

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

ECM

A

Polycharride chains that help filter nutrients and move structures around

42
Q

Integrin

A

Position cell in matrix, adhere cells to other cells

43
Q

Cholesterol

A

Interspersed among phospholipid tails and influence the fluidity to fatty acids

44
Q

Carbs

A

Attached to outer surfaces of proteins

45
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Small non polar molecules

46
Q

Channel diffusion

A

Allows polar substance through, substance opens the channel

47
Q

Carrier diffusion

A

Bonds to molecules, changes shape to fit through channel then deposits molecule other side

48
Q

How atp works

A

When bonds are broken between adenosine and phosphate energy is released

49
Q

Primary active transport

A

Hydrolysis of atp

50
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Doesn’t come directly from atp, comes from previously pumped ion

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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