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Biological Systems > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

blood moves through blood vessels

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2
Q

Open circulatory system

A

blood leaves blood vessels

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3
Q

Fish circuits

A

systemic circuit and gill circuit connect

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4
Q

Mammals and bird circuit

A

systemic circuit and lung circuit connect

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5
Q

Amphibian and reptiles circuit

A

have circulatory plans that dont anatomically guarantee series flow

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6
Q

Circulatory system

A

consists of muscular pump, fluid and series of conduits

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7
Q

how blood travels

A

heart pumps blood into arteries, which branch into smaller vessels, eventually into microscopic vessels. As blood leaves tissues, it flows into larger and larger vessels, the veins, back to the heart

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8
Q

Microcirculation

A

arterioles, capillaries and venules

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9
Q

capillary function

A

found near every tissue cell
princple site where blood releases O2, nutrients and hormones to tissues and takes up CO2 and other waste products from the tissue

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10
Q

Arterioles walls

A

walls have a layer of smooth muscle under the control of autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

vasoconstriction

A

contraction of muscle cells

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12
Q

vasodilation

A

relaxation of muscle cells

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13
Q

arteriole diameter - function

A

determines rate of blood flow through capillaries

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14
Q

Systemic tissues

A

all tissues and organs other than breathing organs, take up O2 from blood and add CO2 to the blood

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15
Q

Systemic circuit

A

blood vessels that carry blood to and from systemic tissues

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16
Q

Breathing circuits

A

add o2 to the blood and take up co2 from the blood

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17
Q

Breathing organ circuit

A

blood vessels that carry blood to and from breathing organs

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18
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood through a tissue or organ

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19
Q

myocardium

A

the muscle tissue of heart

20
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped per beat

21
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per minute

22
Q

cardiac cycle

A

cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart

23
Q

systole

A

when ventricles contract

24
Q

diastole

A

when ventricles relax

25
Q

Blood pressure

A

extent to which the pressure in the blood exceeds the pressure in the environment

26
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

27
Q

plasma

A

contains glucose and nutrients

28
Q

oxygenation

A

pigment combines with O2

29
Q

deoxygenation

A

when pigment releases o2

30
Q

respiratory pigments

A

bind to O2 to increase the amount that blood can carry

31
Q

Hemocyanin

A

respiratory pigment in mollusks

32
Q

hemocyanin - makeup

A

contains copper instead of iron and is in blood plasma not in cells, oxygenated turns blue

33
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

34
Q

how gases diffuse

A

down pressure gradients in the lungs and organs as a result of differences in partial pressure

35
Q

Respiratory surfaces

A

where gases exchanged with the environment

36
Q

rate of diffusion

A

proportional to surface area

37
Q

respiratory area properties

A

tend to be thin and have large areas to maximise rate of gas exchange

38
Q

Gills

A

outfoldings of body surface suspended in water

39
Q

Tracheal system

A

air tubes that branch throughout the body

largest tubes open to outside, fine tubes branch to all cells

40
Q

Lungs

A

hollow bags

41
Q

Gill ventilation

A

ventilated by current of water that enters the mouth, passes through slits in pharynx, flows over gills

42
Q

advantages of breathing air over water

A

much higher concentration of oxygen
less energy needed
less volume needed

43
Q

Gas exchange on land

A

respiratory surface not in direct contact with all other parts so circulatory system trnsports gases to rest of body
dense network of capillaries under epithelium

44
Q

Buccal breathing (amphibians)

A

positive pressure
muscles lower cavity floor drawing air through nostrils
nostrils and mouth closes forcing air down trachea
most gas exchange through skin

45
Q

Negative pressure breathing

A

pulling air rather than pushing it into lungs

46
Q

bird breathing

A

air sacs that act as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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