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Biological Systems > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

angiosperm reproduction

A

sexually to increase genetic diversity

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction of angiosperms

A

meosis in plants produces spores, after which mitosis produces gametes
cells that form gametes develop into adult organisms

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3
Q

carpels

A

female sex organ

contains developing female gametophytes

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4
Q

stamens

A

male sex organs that produce microspores

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5
Q

perfect flowers

A

both male and female reproductive organs

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6
Q

imperfect flowers

A

only one male or female organ

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7
Q

monoecious

A

male and female flowers on same plant

physical separation of male and female flowers or maturation at different times to prevent self pollination

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8
Q

dioecious

A

individual plants have only male or female parts

cant self pollinated

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9
Q

megametophyte

A

female gametophyte
embryo sac
arises from megaspore

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10
Q

microgametophyte

A

male gameteophyte
pollen grains
from microspores

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11
Q

pollen grain - cells

A

generative cells

tube cells

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12
Q

generative cells

A

divide by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells

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13
Q

tube cells

A

forms pollen tube that delivers sperm to embryo sac

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14
Q

wind pollinated flowers

A

have sticky featherlike stigmas

produce greater number of pollen grains

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15
Q

animal pollinated flowers

A

increases probability that pollen will get to female gamete of same species

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16
Q

self pollination

A

reduces reproductive fitness of offspring

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17
Q

self incompatible

A

pollen from same plant is rejected

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18
Q

endosperm

A

formed by sperm and polar nucleus

food for developing embryo

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19
Q

integuments

A

tissue layer surrounding female gamete

develop into seed coat

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20
Q

functions of fruit

A

protects seed from damage by animals and infection

aids in seed disperal

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21
Q

Annual plants

A

complete lives within a year

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22
Q

biennial plants

A

take 2 years, vegetative growth first year, reproductive growth second year

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23
Q

perennials

A

live 3 or more years

flower every year

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24
Q

inflorescence meristem

A

shoot apical meristem that produces floral parts

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25
Q

floral meristem

A

produces single flower

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26
Q

Photoperiod

A

flowering only occurs when days reach certain length

synchronises flowering of same species promoting cross pollination

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27
Q

short day plants

A

flower when day is shorter than critical maximum

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28
Q

long day plants

A

flower when day is longer than critical minimum

29
Q

phytochrome

A

located in leaf

recieves signal for flowering by a chemical

30
Q

florigen

A

chemical that triggers flowering

passes through plasmodesmata

31
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

no genetic diversity

32
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A

parents can pass on good allele combinations
avoids cost of producing flowers
guarantees pollination

33
Q

apomixis

A

asexual reproduction of seeds

34
Q

asexual reproduction

A

diploid cell becomes embryo and seed

35
Q

plant pathogen response

A

constitutive or induced

36
Q

constitutive

A

always present

leaves have waxes that prevent fungal spores and bacteria from entering

37
Q

induced

A

produced in reaction to presence of pathogen

38
Q

induced response: elicitors

A

molecules made by pathogen that trigger plant defence

39
Q

general immunity

A

triggered by elicitors called PAMPS

40
Q

PAMPS

A

molecules that produced by pathogens

41
Q

specific immunity

A

triggered by specific elicitors
bind to r receptors in cytoplasm that trigger specific immunity
stronger than general immunity

42
Q

Signalling pathways

A

formation of NO and other reactive oxygen species
polymer decompostion
hormone signalling
changes in gene expression

43
Q

Pathogen related proteins

A

break down pathogen cell walls

serve as alarm signals to cells that are yet to be attacked

44
Q

hypersensitive response

A

cells around site of infection undergo apoptosis and produce lignin to seal off plasmodesmata and prevent spread

45
Q

systemic acquired resistance

A

general increase in resistance to a range of pathogens

46
Q

herbivore affect

A

cause physical damage and can spread pathogens

47
Q

Constitutive defenses: herbivores

A

leaf hairs, thorns, spines and insoluble salt crystals that damage insect tissue

48
Q

Chemical defense: herbivores

A

secondary metabolites

releases canavanine and nicotine

49
Q

canavanine

A

replaces insect protein and creates abnormalities in insect

50
Q

Nicotine

A

inhibits insect nervous system

51
Q

jasmonate

A

triggers defenses to remove herbivore

52
Q

xerophytes

A

plants adapted to dry environments
specialised leaf anatomy
trichomes that diffract and diffuse sunlight

53
Q

aerenchyma

A

aquatic plants
have large air spaces
stores o2
low metabolism

54
Q

Halophytes

A

plants adapted to saline environments
take Na and Cl to central vacuoles
have salt glands that excrete salt

55
Q

meristems

A

permenant stem cells that allow growth

56
Q

post embryonic organ formation

A

can develop new organs throughout life time

57
Q

differential growth

A

resources can be allocated for beneficial growth patterns

58
Q

dormant

A

development of embryo stops

59
Q

photodormancy

A

seeds require period of light and dark to germinate

60
Q

thermodormancy

A

seeds require period of high or low temp

61
Q

dormancy advantages

A

ensures survival
results in germination
helps seeds survive disperal

62
Q

germination

A

seed grows

63
Q

imbibition

A

seed takes up water is coat is permeable

64
Q

monocot seed development

A

shoot is protected by sheath of cells

65
Q

eudicots seed development

A

shoot is protected by cotyledons

66
Q

gibberellins

A

hormone in plant growth
stem elongation
fruit growth
seed germination

67
Q

Auxin

A

hormone
root initiation
leaf abscission inhibition (removes old leaves)

68
Q

ethylene

A

promotes leaf abscission and ripening of fruit

69
Q

photomorphogenesis

A

growth contorlled by light

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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