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Biological Systems > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers that store, transmit and express genetic info

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2
Q

How genetic info is stored

A

Encoded in the sequences of monomers

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3
Q

2 types of nucleic acid

A

DNA

RNA

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4
Q

DNA function

A

Stores and transmits genetic info

Used to specify the amino acid sequences of proteins

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5
Q

RNA role

A

Certain specialised RNA play role in metabolism

Uses DNA info to specify the amino acid sequences

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6
Q

Nucleotide makeup

A

Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
One to theee phosphate groups

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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8
Q

Purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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9
Q

Pyrimidine makeup

A

Six membered single ring

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10
Q

Purine makeup

A

Fused double ring structure

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11
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

When the pentose sugar of the old chain and phosphate of the new chain undergo condensation reaction

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12
Q

DNA bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

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13
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

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14
Q

Dhow base pairs are held together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

Hydrogen bond strength

A

Relatively weak by cause there are so many provide considerable amount of force

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16
Q

Hydrogen bond - breaking

A

Not as strong as multiple covalent bonds so base pairs are easy to separate with modest energy

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17
Q

RNA makeup

A

Single strand
Many single stranded fold up to 3D
Folds back to form double stranded helix

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18
Q

RNA folding - outcome

A

3D surface for bonding and recognition of other molecules

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19
Q

DNA makeup

A

Double strand
2 separate polynucleotides that run in opposite directions
Form ladder that twists into double helix
Sugar phosphate groups form side and bases form rungs on inside

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20
Q

Ways of DNA reproduction

A

DNA replication

Transcription

21
Q

DNA replication

A

Replicated by polymerisation using existing strand as base pair template

22
Q

Transcription

A

DNA copied into rna

23
Q

Translation

A

Nucleotide sequences in most rna can be used to specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

24
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyse biochemical reactions

25
Q

Defensive proteins

A

Recognise and respond to substances that invade the organism

26
Q

Hormonal and regulatory proteins

A

Control physiological processes

27
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Receive and respond to molecular signals from inside and outside organism

28
Q

Storage proteins

A

Store chemical building blocks for later use

29
Q

Structural proteins

A

Provide physical stability and enable movement

30
Q

Transport proteins

A

Carry substances within organism

31
Q

Genetic regulatory proteins

A

Regulate when, how and to what extent a gene is expressed

32
Q

Functional groups of amino acids

A

Nitrogen containing amino group

Carboxyl group

33
Q

Peptides

A

Amino acid polymers of 20

34
Q

Polypeptide formation

A

Via the sequential addition of new amino acids to the end of existing chains
The amino group of the new amino reacts with the carboxyl group of the end amino to form peptide bond

35
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Established by covalent bonds

36
Q

Protein secondary structure

A

Regular repeated spatial patterns

37
Q

Secondary structure - alpha helix

A

Right handed coil that turns in same direction

R groups extend outward from peptide backbone

38
Q

Secondary structure- beta pleated sheet

A

Two or more sequences are extended and aligned

Stablilised by hydrogen bonds

39
Q

Protein structure - tertiary

A

Bent a specific sites and folded back and forth

Definite 3D shape

40
Q

Tertiary proteins - exposed surface

A

Resent functional groups capable of interacting with other molecules in the cell

41
Q

What determines tertiary structure

A

Interactions between r groups

42
Q

What determines secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding between n-h and c=o groups within and between chains

43
Q

What changes protein structure

A

Environment

Interactions with other molecules

44
Q

Environmental conditions that affect protein

A

Increase in temp
Concentration of h+
High concentrations of polar substances
Non polar substances

45
Q

Enzyme function

A

Lowers activation energy by enabling reactants to come together and react easily

46
Q

Active site

A

Where substrate bind to the enzyme

47
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Inhibitor and substrate compete only one can bind to the active site

48
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

Bonds to a site away from active site, changing the enzymes shape so the subrate can no longer fit

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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