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Biological Systems > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

the change in genetic composition of populations over time

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2
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

understanding and application of the processes of evolutionary change to biological problems

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3
Q

Theory

A

untested hypothesis

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4
Q

Darwins Evolutionary Theory

A

species change over time
divergent species share a common ancestor
Natural selection is the mechanism that produces change

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5
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area

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6
Q

Mutation

A

any change in a nucleotide sequence
occurs randomly with respect to organisms needs
can be benefical, harmful or have no effect

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7
Q

Gene pool

A

sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population

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8
Q

Allele Frequency

A

proportion of each allele in the gene pool

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9
Q

Genotype frequency

A

proportion of each genotype among individuals in the population

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10
Q

Natural selection - Darwin name

A

descent with modification

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

far more individuals are born than survive to reproduce
offsprings resemble parents but arent identical
difference among individuals affect their chances of survival and reproduction

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12
Q

Adaption

A

a favoured trait that evolves through natural selection

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13
Q

Genetic Drift

A

random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

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14
Q

Population bottleneck

A

environmental event results in the survival of only a few individuals
can result in genetic drift
populations loose much of their genetic variation

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15
Q

Founder Effect

A

genetic drift changes allele frequencies when a few individuals colonise a new area

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16
Q

Non random mating

A

when individuals prefer others of the same genotype,

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17
Q

Non random mating - homozygous genotypes

A

increase

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18
Q

Non random mating - heterozygous genotypes

A

decrease

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19
Q

Sexual selection

A

occurs when individuals of one sex mate preferentially with particular individuals of the opposite sex rather than at random

20
Q

Linnean Taxonomic system

A 
Kingdom
phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
21
Q

Darwin’s 6 Key points

A 
Variation
Heritability
Competition 
Natural Selection 
Adaption
Genetic Basis
22
Q

Wallace’s Line

A

faunal boundary line drawn by Alfred wallace that seperates the ecozones of Asia and Australia

23
Q

General Characteristics of animals

A

multicellularity
heterotrophy
internal digestion
motility

24
Q

Monophyletic

A

all animals have a common ancestor

25
Q

Synapomorphies

A

unique junctions between cells

26
Q

colony efficiency

A

more efficient at prey captue than single cells

cells begin to specialise

27
Q

Developmental patterns

A

distinct layers of cells form in early development

28
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 cell layers ectoderm and endoderm

29
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 cell layers ectoderm endoderm and mesoderm

divided into 2 categories

30
Q

protostomes

A

blastopore develops into a mouth

31
Q

deuterostomes

A

blastopore develops into anus first

32
Q

Gastrulation

A

embryo is hollow ball of cells that indents to form blastopore

33
Q

Body plan

A

general structure, arrangement of organ systems

34
Q

Four Key Features

A

symmetry
body cavity
segmentation
external appendages

35
Q

Symmetry

A

overall shape

36
Q

Radial symmetry

A

body parts arranged around central axis

37
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

can be divided into mirror image halves on only one plane

38
Q

Cephalization

A

bilateral symmetry

concetration of sensory organs and nerve tissue at anterior end

39
Q

Acoelomate

A

lacks fluid filled space, space between gut and body wall is filled with cells that have cilia

40
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

fluid filled space in which intenal organs are suspended, no inner mesoderm

41
Q

pseudocoel

A

enclosed by muscles only on outside

42
Q

Coelomate

A

body cavity is a coelom that develops within mesoderm

peritoneum lines internal organs

43
Q

Segmentation

A

facilitates specialisation of body regions

allows animals to alter body shape and control movement

44
Q

Appendages

A

enhance animals abililty to move and find food, avoid predators and find mates
limbs allow highly controlled rapid movement

45
Q

criteria of being an animal

A 
multicellular
no cell walls
nerve and muscle tissue
most reproduce sexually
have hox genes
46
Q

hox genes

A

regulate the expression of other genes

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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