Week 8 - Sexuality Flashcards
What are the are the attitudes today towards casual sex?
50 yrs ago, majority of ppl in North America disapproved of sex “before marriage”
Today, FEWER than 25% of individuals believe that NONMARITAL SEX IS WRONG
Most ppl believe this is okay if it occurs in a committed and caring relationship
After hookups people have confused or disappointed feelings “___%” of the time
Are men or women more likely to regret a hookup?
40%
Women are more likely to REGRET having one
Men are more likely to REGRET NOT having one (if given the opportunity)
Men tend to have more “_________” sexual attitudes/values
Is this difference shrinking?
Women are more likely to “_______” things they’ve “______” sexually. While men are more likely to “_______” things they “___________” sexually
Permissive
Yes, contingent upon the spec attitude being measured
————————————————————————————
Regret; done
Regret; didn’t do
What is the sexual double standard?
Is this more subtle or prominent today?
Traditionally FEMALES are judged MORE harshly for sexual experience
Males with multiple sexual partners are seen as “studs”
Women ^^^ are often dismissed as “sluts”
Women are also MORE likely to be judges harsher when they have a STD
Women are also MORE likely to be judged more if participated in a threesome
—————————————————————————————-
More subtle, but STILL exists
Do young adults today prefer their partners to be virgins?
No, it is desirable for them to have some sexual experience
Starts to DECLINE when they have more than 2-3 sexual partners in their past
What is the general attitude around the world about same-sex sexuality?
Why is this? (Give 2 reasons why)
SHIFT in many areas of the world towards stronger SUPPORT of “gay marriage”
Reason one:
- lesbian/gays are more VISIBLE in public life (TV shows)
- the MORE contact = the more (+) feels towards them
Reason two:
- we understand same-sex relationships BETTER than we used to
- more acceptable IF the belief of the sexual orientation STEMS from BIOLOGICAL factors
- research shows this sexual preference forms in the fetal brain even BEFORE we are born (can’t be altered)
Today, around “___%” of Canadians agree with same-sex marriage
64%
What are 4 factors that sexual orientation involves?
- EMOTIONAL attraction to others
- SEXUAL attraction to others’
- Your actual BEHAVIOUR
- Your IDENTITY
There are at least 5 catergories of sexual orientation
What are they?
Heterosexual
Mostly heterosexual
Bisexual
Mostly gay/lesbian
Gay/lesbian
Sexual orientation has a “_______ ______”
Since gays and lesbians don’t tend to have kids of THEIR OWN, how do these “genes” get passed down to maintain a small/consistent proportion of them in the population?
Genetic basis
——————————————————
2 proposals:
- Gay men make EXCELLENT UNCLES
- Sisters of gay men tend to be MORE FERTILE (have more offspring, also more likely to marry men of a higher social status)
Conservatives, religious evangelicals, and older individuals tend to be more “________” to same-sex marriage in comparison to what groups?
Opposed
Liberals, nonreligious people and young individuals
“____%” of individuals have sexual intercourse before marriage
What is the average age of first intercourse?
By “____ yrs,” only “____%” of individuals have not yet had sex
97%
17 for both men and women
20 yrs; 20%
Most people today use birth control as teenage pregnancy is only 1/4 of adolescence women DO become pregnant
What is the gradual trajectory of increasingly intimate behaviour?
Do males and females expect their first intercourse to be better than how it usually goes?
What typically happens when someone has sex before the age of 16?
Kissing, petting and intercourse
Yes, but the better/more accurately adolescents are, the more sexually RESPONSIBLE they tend to be
Sex before the age of 16 tends to be more AWKWARD and LESS ROMANTICALLY REWARDING, and is more associated w/ RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR (can persist in adulthood = more chance for divorce)
Individuals who have sex on their first date tend to what?
Have less satisfaction in their relationship
Have less healthy communication
***IN COMPARISON TO INDIVIDUALS WHO WAIT A FEW WEEKS
May be due to commitment to a partner tends to IMPROVE our sexual experiences
What are some reasons why people have sex?
What are some infrequent/callous reasons why?
What are 4 themes that tend to underlie these reasons?
Attraction, pleasure, affection, love, romance, emotional closeness, arousal & excitement
——————————————————————————————
Desire to do harm (mad so cheat on partner), to gain an advantage (get a raise) & enhance social status (impress friends)
——————————————————————————————
1. Emotional component (communication, love & commitment)
**2. Physical aspects (pleasure, physical attraction)
**3. Pragmatic elements (wish to obtain a goal (make baby, make jealously)
***4. Insecurity (boost self-esteem, keep partner from leaving)
***MEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE SEX FOR THESE REASONS
The frequency of sex depends on the “________/________” of the relationship
Sexual frequency is reduced by “_____”
Nature/duration
Age
Young cohabiting couples —> approx 3x a week
Young married couples —> approx 2x a week
(Both tend to have more sex than single individuals ^^^)
***IMPACTED BY THE BIAS OF PEOPLE WHO WERE WILLING TO SELF-DISCLOSE THIS IN A SURVEY
Generally after time, everyone with their partners tend to have “_____” sex
Less
Men in their early “____’s” report an average of “__.__” sexual partners and women report an average of “__.__” sexual partners
Men also report have significantly “______” sex than women
Why?
4.1; 2.6
—————————————————————-
- Procedural reasons (surveys fail to include number of prostitutes having sex, if included = number close to men)
- Definitional reasons (males and females can define sex DIFFERENTLY)
- Social desirability bias (males tend to exaggerate, women tend to minimize)
Infildelity is also called “__________ _____”
What was seen in studies of men VS females?
Extradyadic sex
Most people across the GLOBE disapprove of this
——————————————————————————————-
In a comp of 47 diff studies (mostly married couples)…
*21% of women
*32% of men
Have been sexually UNFAITHFUL to their partners at least ONCE
Rates of cheating tend to be higher in what kind of relationship?
People who are dating and are cohabiting
COMPARED TO…
People who are married and are living together
Men tend to cheat “________”
What sexual orientation tends to cheat the most?
Men tend to cheat because of reason?
Women tend to cheat because of what reason?
More
Gay men (in comparison to heterosexual & lesbians)
—————————————————————————
Sexual variety
Emotional connection
“___________ __________” is a large determiner regarding extradyadic sex
What are the 2 types?
Sociosexual orientation: beliefs/behaviours describing our FEELINGS regarding sex
2 types…
1. “Restricted” sociosexual orientation:
- people willing to ONLY have sex w/ their affectionate/commited relationship
- “Unrestricted” sociosexual orientation:
- people who do not seek much closeness/commitment before pursuing sex
**tend to be flirtatious & always on the prowl for a new partner (more likely to cheat on partner)
**males around the world tend to be more “unrestricted” than females
**women who are unrestricted tend to have more male facial features and are more attractive
**males who are unrestricted tend to have more masculine facial features
What is the good genes hypothesis?
Due to meta-analysis studies about “___%” of men don’t know that someone else is the biological father
Some WOMEN (particularly those w/ less desirable mates) can PROFIT from dual mating strategy:
- Pursue long-term mate who can contribute resources to protect/feed offspring
- Seek good genes for children from other men
—————————————————————————————
2%
What is sperm competition?
(Infidelity)
When sperm of two or more males occupy a females vagina at the same time
Deep thrusts tend to force sperm that is already PRESENT in the vagina behind the HEAD of the penis - this tends to pull the sperm out of the women
Compared to the average individual, cheaters tend to be?
Callous
Manipulative
LOW in agreeableness
LOW in conscientiousness
HIGH in anxiety about abandonment
***if they do CHEAT in these situations, women are more likely than men to break up and start a new long-term relationship w/ that new mate
In comparison to women men generally…
Masturbate more often
Want sex more often than a women
When starting a new relationship = want to have sex more
Think about sex more often
Spend more money on sex
Are more accepting of casual sex
In one study it found when thinking of sexual desire (young adults)
Men averaged “____x” a week
Women averaged “____x” a week
In a relationship men tend to masturbate more than “___x” per week and only “____%” of women masturbate as frequently per week (in a relationship)
37x; 9x
1x; 16%
In heterosexual relationships, some husbands are “__________ _________” by getting “______” sex
Wives are “__________” by the frequent “__________” for sex
Chronically frustrated; less
Irritated; insistence
**mismatches for sexual desire can get WORSE over time
**there also can be a large drop in SEXUAL DESIRE after menopause
Around “____%” of college students have had “________,” with approximately “____%” having them w/in the “______” year
“____%” of the time the hookups are w/ strangers
Condoms are only used about “____%” of the time, even tho 42% of North American men are infected with HPV, and that the cases of STD are at an all time high
75%; hookups; 50%; past
37%
50%
Why do so many people engage in unsafe sex?
Around “____%” of males and “____%” of females have had someone try to talk them out of using a condom
Underestimates of risk (illusion of unique invulnerability)
- more attractive someone is = LESS LIKELY to use a condom
Faulty decision making
- individuals will likely impulsively change their choice in the heat of the moment and then REGRET it
Intoxication
- alcohol myopia (reduction in a persons ability to make decisions)
Pluralistic ignorance
- INCORRECTLY ASSUME their choices are better than others
Inequalities in power
- more powerful partner doesn’t want to use a condom = more LIKELY to NOT use a condom
Abstinence education
- teaches that condoms DONT really work = teenagers LESS likely to use condoms = harmful
Low self-control
- higher self-control = MORE likely to use condom
***Decreased intimacy & pleasure
- strongest deterrent
- especially true among males
—————————————————————————————
~30%; ~41%
Good health & commited partner = majority of people have satisfying sex lives
What can happen past middle age? (45+)
Only around 50% of individuals have had sex within the past month
Those who were sexually actively, 39% had experienced challenges…
- Pain
- Lack of desire
- Challenges reaching orgasm
Multiple studies from around the world found that males who have had more sex tend to be?
Less sexually satisfied COMPARED to someone who has sex in a committed partnership
In one study “___%” of individuals who had sex “___x” a week reported “_________” in their sex lives
Among individuals who had sex “_____” a month “___%” reported “________”
89%; 3x; contentment
Once; 32%
**TYPICALLY THE MORE SEX A COUPLE HAS = MORE SATISFIED THEY ARE W/ THEIR SEX LIVES
**HOWEVER, IF A COUPLE IS HAVING SEX ONCE A WEEK, HAVING SEX MORE OFTEN DOESNT MAKE THEM HAPPIER (found in a study)
It’s important to note, no matter how frequent they are, sexual interactions are MOST rewarding when they fulfill our needs our “_________, _________and ________”
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
(According to self-determination theory)
Sex tends to be more statisfying, fun and intimate when engaged for (+) reasons…
What happens when its for (-) reasons?
When individuals have sex to AVOID UNWANTED OUTCOMES, there are typically more (-) emotions & relationships SUFFER over the course of time
People who endorse sexual growth beliefs?
People who endorse sexual destiny beliefs?
Growth:
- something you need to WORK for
- sexual satisfaction is MALLUABLE
- leads to higher satisfaction in relationships (creative collaboration)
Destiny:
- in order to have wonderful sex you need to find your SEXUAL SOULMATE
***MINDSETS MATTER!!!!!!!!
Many individuals feel nervous or awkward talking about sex?
What are the consequences of this?
Couples often have sex W/OUT discussing it
CLEAR COMMUNICATION (including our likes/dislikes) is associated w/ more fulfilling sexual interactions
Found in one study back in the 1970’s…
- homosexuals are able to predict to some degree what the other person may like & had better communication = led to a better sexual interaction
- heterosexuals were found to be more neglectful & had less communication = worse sexual interaction
Men tend to overestimate a women’s sexual satisfaction and in one study they were “_______” accurate guessing a women’s interest when they focused on their “________” expressions rather than their “_________” attractiveness
More; facial; physical
“_________” satisfaction and “__________” satisfaction tend to go hand-in-hand
Sexual; relationship
People who have avoidant attachment styles tend to have patterns of sex?
Have LESS frequent w/ romantic partners
MORE frequent sex w/ casual, short-term partners
People who have anxious attachment styles tend to have what patterns of sex?
Tend to have NEEDIER SEX which derives from their desire to be ACCEPTED by their partner
LESS likely to use CONDOMS in order to avoid displeasing their partners
LESS likely to REFUSE things that they DON’T want to do
What is sexual coercion?
When one partner INTENTIONALLY pressures or forces another to do sexual activities
3 types of pressures:
- Use of mildly coersive verbal persuasion (false promises, guilt, threats to end relationship)
- Use of drugs or alcohol
- Use of physical force
About “___%” of women in North America have experienced some form of sexual victimization by the time they are “____yrs” old
About “____%” of women from the UK have had sex against their own will through either pressure or force
~73%; 16yrs
10%
Men are more likely to use “________” force to against someone into fondling or intercourse
Women and men are both just as “______” to use “________” coercion against someone into fondling or intercourse
Around “___%” of men and women have done this ^^^
Physical
Likely; verbal
~25% - verbal coercion
These acts tend to be callous and manipulative and the perpetrators tend to “______ _______”
Lack remorse
The perpetrators also have a tendency to think of the other sex AS OBJECTS
