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***PSYCH 347- Interpersonal Relationships > Week 7 - Part A. Friendship > Flashcards

Week 7 - Part A. Friendship Flashcards

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1
Q

What is friendship?

A

Voluntary, personal, typically providing intimacy and assistance

Two-parties like one another and seek each others company

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2
Q

Friendships are critical sources of support & enjoyment

One study found that unmarried adults “____%” of them considered friendship their most intimate/involved current relationship

A

36%

Typically we more enjoyment and excitement with friends than just with a spouse

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3
Q

Close friends feel “________, _________, & _________”

A

Affection (like/trust each other), communion (vulnerable) & companionship (share interests/activities)

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4
Q

What are similarities VS differences in friendship and romantic love?

A

Similarities:
- characterized by POSTIVE/WARM evaluations of partner

Differences:
- romantic love includes FASCINATION, SEXUAL DESIRE, and stronger DESIRE FOR EXCLUSIVITY
- romantic love is more demanding (more assistance and loyalty)
- bc of this ^^^ friendlys tend to be LESS emotionally intense

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5
Q

What are the 4 factors that characterize rewarding intimate relationships among friends AND among lovers?

A
  1. Respect (tend to admire them, hold high self-esteem)
  2. Trust (feel comfortable and relaxed in relationship)
  3. Capitalization (their excitement for our own achievements can increase our own happiness)
  4. Social support
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6
Q

What can social support include?

Social support determines our happiness more than our “_______”

A
  • emotional support (affection, reassurance)
  • advice support (guidance)
  • physical comfort (hugs, cuddling)
  • material comfort (money or other goods— tangible)
    —————————————————————————
    Income
    —————————————————————————
    ***HIGHER AMOUNTS OF ALL 4 OF THESE TEND TO BE STRONGER RELATIONSHIPS & PERSONAL WELL-BEING

***INCOME HAS LESS OF AN IMPACT ON HAPPINESS COMPARED TO SOCIAL SUPPORT

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7
Q

Emotional support has real “___________” impacts

Effective social support creates “_________”

Some individuals are “________” providers of social support than others

The best support fits our “_____/________”

A

Physiological; closeness; better; needs/preferences

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8
Q

True or false. People who have affectionate partners tend to have lower stress hormones, blood pressure and cholesterol levels

A

True

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9
Q

Types of social support creating closeness does matter…

A study on law students studying for their exam found that they preferred more “___________” support (like making dinner), over “__________” support which made them more anxious

A

Materialistic; emotional

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10
Q

True or false. It’s not what people DO for us, its what we THINK they do for us that really MATTERS

A

True

Our personal characteristics have an impact upon our PERCEPTIONS of social support

Insecure attachment styles tend to perceive support as more inconsiderate

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11
Q

What is responsiveness?

What is perceived partner reponsiveness?

A

Responsiveness: SUPPORTIVE & ATTENTIVE recognition of our interests/needs

Perceived partner responsiveness: judgement that our partner is CARING, RESPECTFUL & SUPPORTIVE in terms of our needs/desires

***WE ARE DRAWN TOWARDS THESE TYPES OF PEOPLE (valued & understood)

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12
Q

Perceived partner responsiveness is (+) correlated with what?

A

Intimacy

Self-disclosure

Trust

Interdependency

Better sleep

Lower stress hormone productions

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13
Q

True or false. The rules of friendship are articulated explicitly

A

False

They rather tend to be SHARED CULTURAL beliefs regarding what behaviours friends shouldn’t and should engage in

We learn these in CHILDHOOD

Seem to be UNIVERSAL

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14
Q

True or false. Women tend to have especially high standards for friends (in comparison to men)

A

Expect more…

Loyalty

Self-disclosure

Enjoyment

Similarities

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15
Q

What are some typical “rules of friendship”

A

Don’t nag

Keep confidences

Show emotional support

Help in time of need

Trust and confide

Share news of success

Don’t be jealous of each others relationships

Stand up for them in his/her absence

Seek to repay debts, favour and compliments

Strive to make him/her happy when together

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16
Q

How is friendship typically in childhood?

Why is cognitive development important?

A

Children have FAVOURITE PLAYMATES

As they mature their friendships become more RICHER & COMPLEX
——————————————————————————-
As they gain cognitive skills they tend to..

= appreciate others perspectives
= understand their goals/desires

17
Q

What are the interpersonal needs in…

Early elementary years

Preadolescence

Teenage years

A

Early elementary years = acceptance

Preadolescence = intimacy (friendships have vulnerability and disclosure)

Teenage years = sexuality (typically develop interest)

**THE NEW NEEDS ARE ADDED TO THE PREVIOUS NEEDS
**CAN BE DIFFICULT WHEN THEY DON’T AQUIRE THE INTERPERSONAL NEEDS PREVIOUS

18
Q

How is friendship typically in adolescence?

What are their 4 attachment needs?

A

Spend LESS time w/ their families and MORE time w/ their PEERS
- study in Chicago, 5th graders spent 35% of time w/ family
- highschool seniors spent about 14% of time w/ family

Start turning more frequently to their FRIENDS for the satisfaction of their attachment needs:

  1. Proximity seeking (approaching near/keeping contact)
  2. Separation protest
  3. Safe haven
  4. Secure base (using this figure as a foundation for exploring new enviros)

***GRADUALLY SHIFT THESE FROM THEIR CAREGIVERS TO THEIR FRIENDS AT THIS AGE

19
Q

How is friendship typically in young adulthood?

A

Period during LATE teens and TWENTIES when according to Erik Erikson (1950), the primary task is “intimacy over isolation”

Leaving HOME to go to SCHOOL = dramatically influences relationships (tend to be replaced from home)

After college, people tend to interact w/ LESS FRIENDS
- but the ones they do have are more interdependent and stronger

20
Q

How is friendship typically midlife?

What is dyadic withdrawal?

A

When people SETTLE DOWN w/ a romantic partner they spend LESS time w/ friends & families

***Works best for friends to become more common b/w spouses
——————————————————————————————
When people SETTLE DOWN w/ a romantic partner they spend LESS time w/ friends & families

21
Q

How is friendship typically in old age?

What is socioemotional selectivity theory?

A

Elderly tend to have SMALLER SOCIAL NETWORKS and FEWER friends

Much MORE SELECTIVE, spending LESS time w/ casual friends

Live longer, happier and healthier lives if the relationship is healthy & fulfilling
————————————————————————————-
Amount elderly, life seems for FINITE, they empathize EMOTIONAL FULFILLMENT over INFORMATION ACQUISTION (which young ppl prioritize)

***realization happens to younger people when their lives become cut short (illness, accident etc…)

22
Q

What do women friendships tend to include?

A

More strongly characterized by…

  1. EMOTIONAL SHARING
  2. SELF-DISCLOSURE
  3. MORE VUNERABLE
  4. Talk w/ friends about RELATIONSHIPS & ISSUES
23
Q

What do men friendships tend to include?

A

More strongly characterized by…

  1. SHARED ACTIVITIES
  2. COMPANIONSHIP
  3. COMPETITION
24
Q

The gender differences in friendship seem to be mostly driven by “_________ ______” & “________ _______”

A

Cultural norms; gender roles

25
Q

“___________” tends to predict how self-disclosing men will be

Why is this?

A

Expressibility

Because traditionally they are more INSTRUMENTAL

26
Q

Approximately “__/__” heterosexual individuals have close LGB friends

“___%” of LGB individuals have close heterosexual friends

A

1/6; 80%

***heterosexual ppl are often less diverse in friend connections

27
Q

What are relational self-construals?

(Individual differences in relationships)

A

The extent that we PERCEIVE ourselves as INTERDEPENDENT instead of INDEPENDENT

[HIGH relational self-construals = relationship tend to be a central component, want to better understand themselves and others, more common in collectivist regions]

28
Q

What are personality traits?

(Individual differences in friendship)

A

The dark triad:
- narcissism (selfishness)
- machiavelliansim (think its okay to take advantage of ppl)
- psychopathy (impulsive, hostile)

29
Q

True or false. Individuals who are shy/loney, typically don’t care to have close friendships

More than “__/__” Americans live alone

“________” friendships are less common than they used to be

A

False

They typically WANT close friendships, but behave in ways that make this challenging
—————————————————————————————-
1/8
————————————————————————————-
Intimate

30
Q

What is shyness?

What happens to people who are chronically shy?

A

Feeling anxious/inhibited around others and worrying what they think of you

Over 80% of people have experienced shyness

COMMON in unfamiliar place w/ strangers (high status, or attractive)

LESS COMMON in familiar place, w/ ppl we know well
————————————————————————————-
Have (-) evaluation

Tend to DOUBT themselves (poor-self regard)

Lower levels of SOCIAL SKILLS

31
Q

Shyness can also be dependent on “_________” according to the “Doing better with an excuse study”

Where they studied “soft” and “loud” situations and listened to their heartbeat (LOW vs HIGH shyness)

A

Context

32
Q

What is loneliness?

What are the 2 types of loneliness?

A

Unpleasant boredom, desperation and sadness

Significant discrepancy b/w…
NUMBER/QUALITY of relationships that we HAVE
&
NUMBER/QUALITY of relationships we WANT
——————————————————————————————-
Weiss (1973) argued that we can experience 2 types of loneliness:

  1. Social loneliness (social network lacking)
  2. Emotional loneliness (affection lacking)
33
Q

What physiological changes can happen to to the body b/c of loneliness?

A

Higher blood pressure

Higher levels of stress hormone production

Poor sleep

Impoverished immune system functioning

34
Q

What is the good and the bad news about loneliness?

A

GOOD: loneliness is OFTEN a temporary state

BAD: many personal characteristics associated w/loneliness are LASTING
***it is HERITABLE ~45%

35
Q

“______” tend to be lonelier than “________”

Why?

A

Men; women

Since women have CLOSE relationships w/ other women, typically experience intimacy even when not dating

36
Q

Loneliness can lead to what?

A

Mistrusting/disliking someone who they seek acceptance from

Depression

Seeking excessive reassurance (barely believe this when given)

37
Q

What are some ways to surmount loneliness?

A

Thinking of experiences that involve FRIENDSHIP/BELONGING

Attributing distress to unstable, SHORT-lived impacts (rather than lasting issues)

SEEK out friendships

***PSYCH 347- Interpersonal Relationships (14 decks)

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