Week 7 - Part B. Love Flashcards
Attitudes regarding love have varied on what 4 dimensions?
- Cultural value
- Sexuality
- Sexual orientation
- Marital status
What did people in Ancient Greece think about passionate attraction?
What happened in Ancient Eygpt?
What happened in Ancient Rome?
They thought it was MADNESS
Believed in PLATONIC LOVE
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People married their siblings
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People married for the purpose to PROCREATE
To establish BLOODLINE
What was love like in the 12th century?
Heterosexual love become a STRONGER priority
Knights DEVOTED themselves to a women of HIGH social standing
(This love was non sexual)
What was love like in the Middle Ages?
Marriage was STILL NOT associated w/ romance
Matter of POLITICS & PROPERTY
PASSIONATE love was thought to be associated with hell
What was love like over the next 500 years?
People gradually held the beliefs that PASSIONATE love could be desirable, but that it was often DOOMED
What was love like in the 17th-18th centuries?
Europeans (particularly English) started to believe that ROMANTIC love COULD result in HAPPINESS
But this notion was NOT usually held (to feel this passion for husband/wife)
What are two reasons why marrying for love is prioritized in North America?
- Individualism & economic prosperity
(Can move away from home and choose own partners) - LACK caste system/ruling class
What is the triangular theory of love?
What are its 3 components?
Sternberg (2006) argued that there are 3 different ingredients which combine to form different types of love
- Intimacy:
- feelings of trust warmth, understanding, support & sharing - Passion:
- physical arousal, desire & excitement - Commitment:
- feelings of desirability, permanence & active decisions to devote yourself to the relationship
What are the different types of love that can result from combinations from the 3 love components?
(8 types)
- Nonlove (all absent)
- Liking (intimacy high, passion and commitment low)
- Infatuation (high passion, no intimacy or commitment)
- Empty love (high commitment, no intimacy or passion)
- Romantic love (high intimacy/passion, may/may not have commitment)
- Companionate love (high intimacy/commitment, may/may not have passion- reduced)
- Fatuous love (high passion/commitment, no intimacy)
- Consummate love (all present)
**MOST PPL SEEK THIS
**STERNBERG ARGUES THIS IS HARD TO CONTAIN OVER LONG TERM
True/false. The areas of the brain regulating sexual desire DIFFER than those regulating intimacy
What did Fisher think?
True
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Fisher (2006) argues that it’s evolutionary…
What are the distinct biological systems underlying the components of love?
- Lust (sex hormones = sex drive)
- Attraction (dopamine = pursuit of romantic partner)
- Attachment (oxytocin = feelings comfort, security & connection long-term)
Hatfield & Berscheid argue that passionate attraction is supported by what 2 factors?
- Physiological arousal: ex. Fast heart rate
- Belief that another individual is the CAUSE of this arousal
***ROMANTIC LOVE IS TYPICALLY EXLEMPIFIED BY THIS
This study had a swaying bridge and a stable bridge
What happened in the study where men listened to the different tapes?
(-) arousing (comedy skit)
(+) arousing (people being brutally killed by missionaries)
Neutral tape (frog circulatory)
Men who were exposed to AROUSING material were MORE
attracted to an appealing women and LESS attracted to an unappealing women
^^^ in comparison to the NEUTRAL tape
**ADRENALINE CAN CATALYZE FEELINGS OF LOVE
**STRONG EFFECT ON ROMANTIC AND PASSIONATE LOVE
What is the passionate love scale developed by Hatfield and Sprecher (1986)?
Assesses FASCINATION w/ desire for, and STRONG emotions concerning the focus of an individuals LOVE
***SCORES INCREASE AS THEY DEVELOPMENT STRONG ROMANTIC LOVE
= scores tend to LEVEL OFF when people want to live together or when they get engaged
= scores tend to be at their PEAK when they DECIDE to live together or get married
True or false. Romantic love is an emotion
MOST researchers believe that it is a MOOD w/ specific MOTIVES (tend to be longer)
Instead of a DISCRETE EMOTION (tend to be more brief)
So no?
What is the two-factor theory of passionate love?
- Physiological
What does the two-factor theory of love highlight the importance of?
The importance of THOUGHTS/BELIEFS in influencing AROUSAL
Because LOVERS tend to think about each other in ways that DIFFER from their FRIENDS
(Intimacy, dependence & caring)
What happened in the study where male college students (imagined as a restaurant owner) had to judge a woman pitching an advertising campaign
Presentation was either…
- Coherent/clever
- Clumsy/inept
Found that men that believed that they were gonna be going on a DATE w/ the women COULD NOT make a clear distinction b/w a GOOD and a BAD performance
***SHOWS PPL TEND TO UNDERESTIMATE/IGNORE LOVERS FAILURES AND IDEALIZE IMAGES OF THEIR LOVERS
(can differ from concrete reality)
What is the self-expansion model?
Suggests that LOVE causes SELF-CONCEPTS to change & broaden since our partners OPEN US up to NEW experiences or NEW roles
Gradually gain NEW insights into ourselves (that we weren’t aware of)
***CAN ALSO INCREASE SELF-ESTEEM
What is companionate love and why is it so important?
This type of love involves “_________,”which promotes relaxation and reduces stress. It also tends to make people more “______” with challenges. It is more a “_______ ______” compared to romantic love
Typically predicts whether a relationship will last or not (the study of how marriages last)
DOES NOT depend upon the presence of PASSION
COMBO of intimacy & commitment (deep sense friendship, enjoyment common activities, mutual interests & shared laughter)
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Oxytocin; kind; steady state
What is compassionate love and why is it so important?
Tendency to be strongly associated w/ experiences of “____________” love AND “________” love
ALTRUISTIC CARE/CONCERN for the well-being of partner
COMBO of trust, intimacy, compassion & caring
Tendency to share in JOY/PAIN that loved ones EXPERIENCE
More accurate UNDERSTANDING of partner, tend to accept faults more
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Companionate; romantic (on previous slides)
Romantic, companionate & compassionate love tend to have what as a common denominator?
Intimacy
Sociologist John Alan Lee described 6 styles of loving which differ in terms of what?
- INTENSITY of the love experience
- COMMITMENT to partner
- DESIRED characteristics of partner
- EXPECTATIONS regarding being loved in RETURN
What are the 6 styles of loving?
Eros: erotic lover finds good looks compelling and seeks an intense, passionate relationship ($)
Ludus: ludic lover considers love to be a game and likes to play the field (!)
Storge: storgic lover prefers friendships that gradually grow into lasting commitments (*)
Mania: manic lover is demanding, possessive and excitable (*)
Agape: agapic lover is altruistic and dutiful ($)
Pragma: pragmatic lover is practical, careful and logical in seeking a mate ()
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() = tend to have LITTLE in common with companionate, romantic and compassionate love
($) = POSITIVELY associated w/ intimacy, commitment and passion & relationship satisfaction
(!) = NEGATIVELY associated w/ intimacy, commitment and passion & relationship satisfaction
Hendrick & Hendrick found from their love attitudes scale that…
Men tend to score higher on “______” than women
Women tend to score higher on “______ & ______”
Ludas; starge & pragma
Across cultures, romantic love is represented by activation in the “______” areas of the “______”
Same; brain
North Americans tend to value “__________&__________” of partners more than individuals who are Chinese
Love is thought more as a “_________” in North America
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Chinese individuals are much more likely to mention the
“__________” of the personality of their partner and their own “__________ ________”
Love is thought more as a “_______ _______” in China (incomprehensible)
More likely for marriage to be a “_______” decision
Similarities & attractiveness
Fairytail
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Desirability; physical arousal
Mixed blessing
Family
Why are attachment dimensions of avoidance of intimacy and anxiety regarding abandonment are important in influencing what?
LOVE OUTCOMES since they are strongly associated with…
- Intimacy
- Passion
- Commitment
- Caring
How do attachment styles impact intimacy?
Secure attachment:
- view others as DEPENDABLE & TRUSTWORTHY
- engage in more SELF-DISCLOSURE (compared to ppl with insecure attachment style)
How do attachment styles impact passion?
Individuals who are PREOCCUPIED = tend to have a lot of DRAMA in their lives
Individuals who are AVOIDANT of intimacy = more DETACHED = passion more IMPERSONAL
The most fulfilling sex tends to be enjoyed by individuals w/ what kind of attachment style?
Secure attachment style
Tend to have more sex —> more pleasure —> more orgasm —>
= SATISFACTION
How do attachment styles impact commitment?
Secure attachment style:
- tend to be MORE COMMITTED to their relationships
How do attachment styles impact caring & caregiving?
Insecure attachment style:
- LESS effective at providing REASSURANCE & CARE
Yes we label attachment styles, but this is a “_______________”
Oversimplification
Because in some we feel secure and others we feel insecure
What did researchers find when they compared partners in their 40s compared to partners in their 60s?
Older couples interacted LESS w/ PHYSICAL AROUSAL
Older couples interacted MORE w/ GOOD CHEER
Men & women are more similar than different (they experience different types of love in similar ways)
What are some of the SMALL differences?
Men tend to be SLIGHTLY MORE AVOIDANT OF INTIMACY
Men tend to have MORE ROMANTIC ATTITUDES
Men tend to believe in LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT
Men tend to FALL IN LOVE FASTER (more likely to stay “I love you” first ~70% of the time)
Men tend to believe more in the IMPORTANCE OF PASSION
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Women tend to be more EMOTIONALLY VOTILE
Women tend to be SLIGHTLY MORE ANXIOUS regarding ABANDONMENT
Women tend to be MORE CAUTIOUS WHEN IN LOVE (more selective)
Women tend to believe more in the IMPORTANCE OF COMMITMENT
What are some reasons why romantic love doesn’t last?
- Couples IDEALIZE each other and MINIMIZE info that may be CONCERNING, but this FANTASY FADES w/ TIME
- NOVELTY adds excitement & energy to our LOVE, but it FADES w/ TIME
- PASSION FADES across the DURATION of a relationship
Divorces in North America usually happen in the “___th” year of marriage
4th
Some couples continue to invest in “________ ______”
“____%” of Americana married for 10 years or more have reported feeling “______ _______” in love
But they also report that it is “_____” intense in comparison to when they were first married
Romantic love
40%; very intensely
Less
Though “________” declines, “_________ &__________” increase over time
What are some ways to help this?
Passion; intimacy & commitment
This is because passion and intimacy are associated…
- prioritizing a STRONG FRIENDSHIP w/ your partner can assist in MAINTAINING PASSION in your relationship
- create novelty (seek new ways to have fun w/ your partner)
- not to rely on passion to be the bedrock of the relationship = because it is SO VARIABLE
