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NU FS 223 > Week 8: Biomedicine, Alternative Medicine and Integrative Medicine > Flashcards

Week 8: Biomedicine, Alternative Medicine and Integrative Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

evidence based biomedicine

A

the system of clinical medicine based on the principles of the natural sciences, including biology, physiology, and biochemistry

  • Makes the claim that there is scientific verification and has the evidence that its therapies work and has a certain way of evaluating evidence
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2
Q

Alternative medicine

A

The name for traditional and folk medicines outside of conventional biomedicine that uses a mixture of healing therapies that involve food, herbal medicine, spirituality, manual therapies or exercises to maintain health or treat or prevent ailment or illness

  • medicine of the people that originates from cultural practice and is usually “ancient”
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3
Q

What are some example of alternative medicine?

A
  • traditional chinese medicine
    • integrated into training as medical doctor
  • African folk healer
    • many place do not have access to biomedicine or it is too expensive
    • come from natural local resources so healer is often a really good botanist
  • Mexican folk healer
    • blend of tradition and christianity
  • Traditional Arabic and Islamic Medicine
    • medicine of the prophet Muhammad - honey and certain herbs
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4
Q

Prevalence of alternative medicine use in Canada?

A
  • more than ¾ of Canadians (79%) had used at least one complementary or alternative therapy some time in their lives in 2016
  • of the $8.8 billion spent in 2016, more than $6.5 billions was spent on providers of alternative therapies (ex. TCM), while another $2.3 billion was spent on hers, vitamins, special diet programs, books, classes and equipment
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5
Q

How is alternative medicine different from biomedicine?

A
  1. Food is perceived to have energetic properties
  2. You take on the qualities of the food that you ingest
  3. There is is a life force
  4. Balance is important for wellbeing
  5. Therapies maintain or restore balance
  6. Evidence required to prove that a therapy works differs between biomedicine and alternative medicine
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6
Q

Hot and cold food beliefs

A

Food has energetic power

  • foods are perceived to be energetically hot, cold or neutral based on how foods are thought to affect body functions
  • when you ingest food you take on their energetic characteristics
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7
Q

Yin and Yang food characteristics

A
  • Yin: dar, cold, cooling, moist, feminine
  • Yang: bright, warm, warming, dry, masculine

(food has energy)

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8
Q

Doctrine of Signatures

A

foods resemble to body parts they are good for

  • brain disorders - walnuts
  • bowels - bananas

food beleived to have aphrodisiac qualities resemble genitalia

  • masculine virility: tiger penis, rhino horn
  • Female libido: oysters, figs

(take on qualities of foods you ingest)

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9
Q

Chinese New Years foods and what they represent

A

(take on qualities of foods that you eat)

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10
Q

Lucky Iron Fish

A

Auspicious food symbolism

  • designed to help solve iron-deficiency anemia in Cambodia
  • shape of health

(take on qualities of foods that you eat)

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11
Q

You are what you eat

A

Carotenoid glow

  • taking on the properties of the carotenoids from fruits and veg

(take on qualities of foods that you eat)

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12
Q

Life force energy

A

A free-flowing energy that connects mind a free-flowing energy that connects mind body and contributes to health

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13
Q

Examples of life force energy in traditional medicine

A
  • qi (chi) in TCM
  • Prana in indian based medicine

(life force)

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14
Q

Prana

A

it is the life force energy that pulses through the body along a network of channels

  • chakras
  • three-dosh theory

(there is a life force)

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15
Q

chakras

A

energy points in the body

(take on qualities of foods that you eat)

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16
Q

three dosha theory

A

three energies (vital essences) circulate in the body and govern physiological and psychological characteristics such as physical appearance, physique and personality

(take on qualities of foods that you eat)

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17
Q

Views of alternative medicine systems based on balance

A
  • These medical systems holds holistic view about health and illness, where the mind, body and spirit are considered as an integral whole.
  • healing may be views as restoring balance within the individuals body, balance between the individual and their community or balance of the individual with the universe at large

(balance)

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18
Q

Ancient Greek humoral system

A

Humors are vital bodily fluids linked to elements (fire, earth, air, water) that must be balanced.

(balance)

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19
Q

What traditional medicines are derived from greek humoral system?

A

Islamic traditional medicine and Mexican folk medicine

(restoring balance)

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20
Q

Ayurveda and balance

A
  • Built around the five elements of ether, earth, air, water, fire
  • combo of these elements come together to make the doshas- vata, pitta, and kapha - of an individual
  • all of us have some aspect of each dosha but one or two dominate, informing everything from our digestion to our emotions

(restoring balance)

21
Q

TCM and balance

A

At one point all things on earth were thought to be made of wood, fire, earth, metal, water

(balance)

22
Q

Indigenous holistic approach to well-being

A

Indigenous holistic approaches to healing in Canada stress balance and harmony within your mind, body and spirit, along with your community and environment

(balance)

23
Q

First nation medicine wheel meaning

A

Must be balance

  • holistic health
  • balance among physical, spiritual, intellectual and emotional aspects of life
  • the colours and meaning of the quadrants may differ between First Nations groups

(balance)

24
Q

How might illness be treated in alternative medicine?

A

Treatment of illness by opposites to restore balance

  • diseases, conditions, temperaments, body organs, stages of life cycle have intrinsic properties with food and need a balance
  • balance btw hot and cold, or other qualities is believed essential to physical well-being
  • imbalances are corrected by the ‘principle of opposites’

(restoring balance)

25
Q

principle of opposites

A

the individual is given foods or medicines of the opposite quality that restore balance and is instructed to avoid foods of the same quality that would cause imbalance

(restoring balance)

26
Q

TCM nutrition for kidneys

A
  • For kidney yang deficiency, incorporate foods with strengthening and warming action
  • avoid thermally cold or cool foods, ice water, and raw foods like salad, especially in the winter

(restoring balance)

27
Q

Evidence based biomedicine

A

concludes whether something is true or not

  • uses the best scientific evidence derived from the scietific method (hypothesis testing) in making decisions about the care of individual patients and health services
  • Evidence quality is assessed based on its type and well as other factors including statistical validity, clinical relevance and peer-review acceptance

(evidence)

28
Q

The hierarchy used in evidence-informed decision making

A

quality of evidence increases as we move up the pyramid

29
Q

What form of medicine is dietetics?

A

dietetics is evidence based practice

  • dieticians translate complex scientific evidence into practical solutions to promote health and manage health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, allergies and obesity
30
Q

Evidence-based food for health examples

A
  • scurvy is cured by ascorbic acid in fruits and veggies
  • iron deficiency is one cause of anemia
  • DRI identify amounts of vitamind and mineral to maintain health, prevent deficiency and prevent excess intake

(evidence)

31
Q

evidence based dietetics: nutrition for the kidneys example

A
32
Q

limitations of evidence based dietetics

A

not everything can be answered using double blind randomized control trials

  • ethically cannot randomize people to certain diet treatments
    • drink alcohol; eliminating nutrients, following harmful diets etc.
  • sometimes blinding people to a treatment is impossible
    • could you blind them to a plant-based diet or consuming fish several times a week? nope
  • foods and dietary patterns are complex
    • what is healthy about the mediterranean diet?
  • confounding factors are difficult to eliminate
    • people who eat healthier diets usually exercise more, better educated, seek out medical care etc.
33
Q

Nutritionism

A

in biomedical dont really look at foods as a whole we break it down into to individual nutrients the food might offer

  • focuses on health benefits of the nturients not the food itself
  • studies individual nutrients and foods disconnected from their usual contexts such as dietary patterns in a culture
  • promotes the idea that the primary goal of eating is to bodily health, not joy, a connection to family and culture etc.
34
Q

evidence for alternative medicine

A

low quality scientific evidence for its effectiveness

35
Q

Ineffectiveness if alternative therapies

A
  • most alternative therapies that have been studied using scientific method were found to be ineffective
    • most benefits due to placebo effect
  • many therapies have not been tested in well-designed scientific studies, so the effectiveness of therapies in unknown
36
Q

evidence for acupuncture

A
  • A synthesis of systemic reviews shows that the evidence for the efficacy of acupuncture to treat chronic pain is limited and conflicting
  • There is sufficient high-quality RCT;s to judge efficacy of acupuncture for common conditions that cause pain: fibromyalgia, pelvic pain, inflammatory arthritis
  • neuropathic pain
37
Q

critic of alternative medicine

A

Science-Based Medicine Website

38
Q

common criticism of alternative medicine

A
  • pseudoscience
  • Bogus
  • false
  • old-fashioned
  • silly
  • harmful
39
Q

is alternative medicine harmful?

A

for many alternative medicine practices, harm has neither been established nor excluded, but in some cases, potential harm has been shown

40
Q

biomedicine vs. alternative medicine on reliance on scientific evidence

A
  • Biomedicine: use established principles of scientific evidence: scientific method and hierarchy of evidence
  • alternative: treatment based on tradition use and theory: my lack evidence based research on safety, efficacy and effectiveness
41
Q

biomedicine vs. alternative medicine on disease or dysfunction

A
  • biomedical: malfunction of an organ or a physical or biochemical process, or an undesirable symptom caused by identifiable factors such as bacteria or viruses, biochemical imbalances, physical trauma to body parts, aging
  • alternative: imbalance of body. mind and spirit based on a persons specific symptoms and individual physical, mental, and spiritual make-up
42
Q

biomedicine vs. alternative medicine on treatment

A
  • biomedical: supported my scientific evidence, including drugs, surgery, medical devices, physical therapy, exercise, diet, and changes in lifestyle
  • alternative: treatment involves strengthening the body;s own defenses and restoring imbalances
43
Q

biomedicine vs. alternative medicine on origin

A
  • biomedicine: Europe in the past 500 years
  • often rooted in ancient system of healing such as those of Greece, china, middle east, India and Africa
44
Q

biomedicine vs. alternative medicine on concept of life force

A
  • biomedical: internal processes (e.g. blood pressure, metabolic rate) are based on physical laws and involve physical and biochemical processes
  • alternative: a free flowing energy that connects mind and body and contributes to health (qi, prana)
45
Q

biomedicine vs. alternative medicine on health

A
  • Biomedical: A condition of physical, mental, and social well-being and the absence of disease, dsyfunction and other abnormalities
  • Alternative: holistically health is an optimal balance of systems - physical, emotional and spiritual - involving the whole person. their community and the universe
46
Q

Integrative Health

A
  • brings conventional biomedical and alternative therapies together, with an emphasis on treating the whole person.
47
Q

Whole person health medicine

A

helping individuals improve and restore health in multiple interconnected domains - biological, behavioural, social, environmental - rather than just treating disease

48
Q

Where does alternative health complement biomedicine?

A
  • nutritional
  • psychological
  • physical

NU FS 223 (36 decks)

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