Week 6: Sustainable and Ethical Fisheries

Question 1

Who relies on fish?

Answer 1

1 billion people, largely in developing countries, rely on fish as primary source of animal protein

Question 2

What is the biggest threat to our oceans?

Answer 2

overfishing: not only does it threaten fish but it threatens the nutritional wellbeing of those who depend on fish

Question 3

Cultural importance of fish to Syilx First Nations

Answer 3

• catching, preparing and eating fish are important cultural and family practices for many First Nations
• Salmon are an integral part of their lives, and serve as a symbol of their culture and heritage

Question 4

What is the food chief for Syilx First Nations?

Answer 4

Salmon

Question 5

what are the four important food species for the Syilx?

Answer 5

• Salmon
• Bitter Root
• Black Bear
• Saskatoon Berry

Question 6

What is the fish reccomendation in the mediterranean diet?

Answer 6

twice weekly consumption of low to moderate amounts of fish and poultry for good heart health

Question 7

Nutritional benefits of fish

Answer 7

• high quality protein
• vitamin D
• selenium and iodine
• low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol
• Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 8

What are high and low quality proteins?

Answer 8

• high quality are animal and soy and contain complete proteins
• low quality are plant proteins and are incomplete so must be paired

Question 9

What does Vitamin D prevent?

Answer 9

prevention of rickets and osteomalacia

Question 10

What is selenium?

Answer 10

An antioxidant

Question 11

What is iodine important for?

Answer 11

thyroid hormone production

Question 12

Importance of Syilx salmon reintroductions intiatives

Answer 12

• significantly higher intake of protein when salmon included, omega-3 and other nutrients than non-eaters
• traditional food eaters had significantly better diet quality

Question 13

Importance of Syilx salmon reintroductions intiatives

Answer 13

• significantly higher intake of protein when salmon included, omega-3 and other nutrients than non-eaters
• traditional food eaters had significantly better diet quality

Question 14

What are omega-3 fatty acids often called?

Answer 14

n-fatty acids

Question 15

What are the three types of Omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 15

ALA, EPA, DHA

Question 16

Why can DHA and EPA not just be retrieved from ALA

Answer 16

Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is inadequate and difficult to do so better to get it from source

Question 17

ALA

Answer 17

𝝰-linolenic acid (18:3)

Question 18

EPA

Answer 18

eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5)

Question 19

DHA

Answer 19

docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)

Question 20

What are examples of fatty fish?

Answer 20

salmon, trout, sardines, herringm mackerel, anchovies

Question 21

How is EPA and DHA present in fish?

Answer 21

Originally synthesized by algae. when fish consume other fish or phytoplankton that have eat algae they accumulate the omega-3

Question 22

What contains DHA and EPA?

Answer 22

Found in all fish, and shellfish, but especially high in fatty fish

Question 23

What contains ALA?

Answer 23

flaxseed, soybean, walnut, rapeseed, canola (modified rapeseed) deep green leafy greens

Question 24

Fats and fatty acids breakdown

Answer 24

Question 25

What are DHA and EPA?

Answer 25

Long-chain n-3 fatty acids

Question 26

Health benefits of eating 1-2 servings of fish each week

Answer 26

* lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke * improves blood vessel function * DHA important for optimal development of baby's brain and retina * instant formular usually contains DHA

Question 27

How do babies get DHA?

Answer 27

From mothers milk as long as mother is eating fish

Question 28

Why is true fish better than supplements?

Answer 28

eating the actual fish is more important because it contains may other important nutrients

Question 29

Benefits of ALA

Answer 29

evidence does not really support eating ALA as a replacement for fish but observational studies show that diets rich in ALA containing plant foods also reduce the chances of Cardio disease

Question 30

Historical evidence of eating fish

Answer 30

Historically difficult to accept that humans everywhere have always eaten fish cause it spoil quickly so used to not be able to store unless lived in really cold climates but many populations were still very healthy

Question 31

How has fish consumption changed?

Answer 31

1960's was about 6kg per person but now it is about 20kg per person and of course our population has increased

Question 32

How much fish is removed from the ocean?

Answer 32

fishers remove more than 77 billions kg (170 billion pounds) of wildlife from the sea each year * high-tech harvesting and wasteful management have brought world fish stocks to dangerous lows

Question 33

Commercial purse seine fishing

Answer 33

Uses a net to herd fish together and then drawing them up and can scoop hundreds of thousand of fish at a time. Efficient but super wasteful as unwanted fish called bycatch are thrown back into the ocean usually most of them dead or injured and only profitable fish are kept.

Question 34

Longline fishing

Answer 34

Long line up to 100 km in length is dragged behind boat and has bated hooks attached stretching downward into the water. Many fish like turtle and birds get caught in it and only profitable fish is kept everything else is dumped back into the ocean.

Question 35

What are some fish species that are under extreme pressure and we should avoid eating?

Answer 35

Question 36

Oceanwise reccomendations: sustainable seafood options

Answer 36

Techniques that minimize the capture of unwanted species so ways that reduce bycatch and maintain natural relationship within ecosystem and conserve biodiversity such as not overharvestinig

Question 37

How do fish suffer?

Answer 37

either suffocate or freeze to death