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NU FS 223 > Week 3 Dietary Practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism > Flashcards

Week 3 Dietary Practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism Flashcards

1
Q

Where is buddhism mostly practiced?

A
  • India
  • Japan, China, Korea
  • Tibet Mongolia
  • Southeast Asia
    • Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indionesia
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2
Q

What is an important religious symbol in buddhism?

A

The Wheel of Darma

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3
Q

What does the Wheel of Darma represent?

A

The wheel represents the endless cycle of rebirth (reincarnation) which can only be escaped by following Buddhist teachings

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4
Q

Where did Buddhism originate?

A

Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India.

  • spiritual leader who lived in ancient India
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5
Q

What is Metta?

A

Buddhism

  • positive energy and loviing kindness towards all things
  • Right living
    • abstain from taking of life
    • abstain from consumption of intoxicants that cloud the mind
    • any wrong behaviour will have to be paid for in another life
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6
Q

What are some dietary resrictions in Buddhism?

A
  • Dietary restrictions vary considerably
    • lacto-oval-vegetarian so eat dairy products and meat
    • nuns and monks might choose vegan
  • Some believe if they were not responsible for killing an animal it is okay to eat
  • May avoid the ‘five pungent foods’ to avoid exciting the senses.
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7
Q

What are considered the 5 pungent foods in buddhism?

A
  • garlic
  • green onion
  • leek
  • chives
  • onion
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8
Q

What are some buddhist views on vegetarianism?

A
  • vary between different schools of buddhism, and country/ state
  • tibetan buddhists often eat meat
  • Dalai Lama in only semi-vegetarian although he promotes vegetarian for medical reasons he must eat meat
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9
Q

Who is Dalai Lama?

A

Spirital leader of tibetan buddhists

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10
Q

What is ‘Buddhist Cuisine?

A

also called temple food and is vegan and vegetarian food that has emerged in East and southeast Asia

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11
Q

Are mushrooms included in buddhist diet?

A

yes

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12
Q

Why has buddhist cuisine increased in Asia?

A

mostly owing to people concerns about their health, as well as growing consciousness about food heritage and tradition.

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13
Q

What is not used to season asian vegan food in buddhism?

A

allium (onion family)

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14
Q

What is an important source of protein for asian buddhists who do not eat meat?

A

for chinese and japanese buddhists who abstain from meat, the soybean and tofu are important protein sources

  • tofu skin, silken tofu etc.
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15
Q

What type of religion is Hinduism?

A

polytheist religion: a bunch of gods are worshipped, although many beleive in one supreme god

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16
Q

What was hinduism the foundation for?

A
  • Jainism
  • Buddhism
  • Sikhism
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17
Q

What is this symbol in Hinduism?

A

Symbol is Om or Aum

  • A sacred sound
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18
Q

How does Hinduism compare to other religions?

A
  • worlds 3rd largest religion after Christianlty and Islam
  • One of the oldest religions (~5,000 years old)
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19
Q

What are the most popular eastern religions?

A
  • hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Sikhism
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20
Q

Where is Hinduism practiced?

A

The dominant religion in India, Nepal, and among the Tamils in Sri Lanka

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21
Q

How are food catogorized in Hinduism?

A

Foods are categorized based on their effects on ones mind, behaviour and health.

  • eating ans spiritual advancement are intertwined
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22
Q

What is Ayurveda?

A

Sanskrit: ayu-life; veda-knowledge of

An ancient Hindu system of medicine that uses food to maintain equilbrium in the body.

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23
Q

How is Ayurveda incorporated into Hindu dietary practice?

A

Some decisions about eating are based on Ayurveda

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24
Q

What are the three food categories in Hinduism?

A
  • Sattvic
  • Rajasic
  • Tamasic
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25
Q

Saatvic foods are ____________

A

pure and wholesome

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26
Q

How are Sattvic foods viewed?

A

Foods good for mind and body in Hinduism

  • pure wholesome foods that are calming to the mind and healthy for the body and will lead to spiritual development
    • lactose vegetarian diet
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27
Q

What are some Sattvic foods?

A

milk and dairy products (e.g., ghee, paneer, whey, yogurt, yogurt drinks), grains, legumes, honey, nuts, fruits, vegetables

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28
Q

What animal is considered holy in hinduism?

A

Cows

29
Q

What dairy product is considered pure in hinduism?

A

cow milk and products from cow milk are consdieed pure

30
Q

What is milk a symbol of?

A

in Hindu, milk is considered a symbol of fertility and plenty

31
Q

Why is beef not consumed in Hindu?

A

cows are very sacred and is held as holy mother and many avoid beef out of respect for the cow

32
Q

What are common cow milk products in hinudism?

A

butter, ghee, curd, and apneer

33
Q

How is ghee made?

A

Heating unsalted butter until the milk solids (proteins) rise to the top where they are skimmed off. Water continues to boil away leaving behind pure butter fat

  • Butter contains more than 80% fat and 20% mostly water but also contains milk solids.
    milk solids include: milk proteins, whey and casein.
34
Q

How is ghee used in hindu dietary practices?

A
  • Ghee is considered sacred and is used in religious rituals
  • Ghee is used in Ayurveda medicine practice
  • Ghee is used in cooking (e.g., to make lentils) to make sweets, and to put on rice or flatbread
35
Q

How are curds made?

A

one of two ways:

  1. made by coagulating milk by adding rennet (stomach of calf)
  2. coagulating mikl by adding acid (e.g., lemon juice or vinegar)

this causes casein (milk proteins) to form a mass (curds)

36
Q

How are curds made in Hindu dietary practice?

A

using acid to coagulate the milk

37
Q

What are curds used to make in hindu dietary practices?

A

Curds are used to make paneer ( fresh unaged cheese)

  • The curds, casein, are drained and separated from the whey (liquid left over after milk is curdled not the solid). Curds are pressed to form fresh cheese called paneer
38
Q

What is Whey?

A

Once curds are removed what is leftover is the watery protein called whey

  • by-product of curdling milk
  • usually not discarded since it is rich in proteins and lactose
39
Q

What is the difference between acid whey and sweet whey?

A
  • acid whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled with acid and strained
  • sweet whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled with rennet and strained
40
Q

Rajasic foods are __________?

A

stimulating foods

41
Q

How are Rajasic foods viewed?

A

They are considered stimulating foods that produce a restless mind and make a person aggressive and lustful

  • many herbs and spices are used in south asian cooking, yet some devout hindus avoid them
42
Q

What are some examples of Rajasic foods?

A

hot spices, garlic and onion; all animal flesh; eggs

43
Q

Tamasic foods are __________?

A

dulling foods

44
Q

How are tamasic food viewed?

A

foods that dull the mind and body or cause laziness

45
Q

What are some tamasin foods?

A

alcohol, mushrooms, food that is stale, leftovers, or overripe foods

46
Q

What foods do devout Hindus avoid for purity of mind and spirit?

A
  • meat
  • fish
  • poulty
  • eggs
  • mushrooms
  • alliums
  • alcohol and narcotics
47
Q

What is prasad?

A

in Hindu it is foods that have been blessed by god

  • Sattvic
48
Q

What dietary practices do lacto-vegetarians of hinduism follow?

A
  • Follow ahisma
  • eating, killing or harming an animal is bad karma
  • Eat pure sattvic foods
  • women more adherent to lacto-vegetarianism than men
49
Q

What is ahisma?

A

not eating animals killed for food

50
Q

Why do hindu laxto-vegetarians not eat eggs?

A

considered to contain the seed of life

51
Q

Why is beef a problem in India and other HIndu places??

A

beef is caught in cultural, political and group identity struggles in India

  • Some states have banned the slaughter of cows
52
Q

How many practicing Hindus are meat eaters?

A

Hindus, who make up about 80% of INdian population, are prodominantly meat eaters

  • people typically under report eating meat - particularly beef, and over report eating vegetarian food
53
Q

If eating meat, which ones are typically consumed in hinduism?

A

usually sheep, mutton, goat, chicken or fish

54
Q

Views around fasting in Hindu dietary practice

A
  • Many fast days - the degree of fasting varies according to degree of orthodoxy
    • particular gods being worshipped, death of family member
  • fasting on auspicious days will bring prosperity and good fortune
  • women more likely to fast then men
  • fasting can be:
    • complete (no food)
    • only eat once a day
    • eat only “pure” foods
    • extensive (2-3 days)
55
Q

What is an important holiday in Hinduism?

A

Diwali

  • a 5-day nationa festival of prayer, lights, fire crackers and sweets occuring in the fall
  • enjoyed by many people in India regardless of faith
56
Q

Where is the majority of Sikhism?

A

Punjab region of India

57
Q

Where is the majority of Sikhism in Canada?

A

most Sikhs live in Vancouver and Toronto

58
Q

What did Sikhism emerge from?

A

Hinduism

59
Q

What kind of religion is Sikhism?

A

monotheism: Belief in only one god

60
Q

What is an important symbol is Sikhism?

A

Khanda

  • Made up of 3 images with Khanda in the middle as a double edged sword representing their one god
61
Q

When was Sikhism founded?

A

young religion founded in the 15th century with followers in India and Pakistan

62
Q

What are some Sikh dietary practices?

A
  • Do not believe in fasting
  • Do not believe in the ritual of killing of animals
    • will not eat halal or kosher meat
  • Many different diets adopted
    • very devout may be lacto-vegetarians
    • Others may choose to not eat beef, pork or eggs
  • Sikhs are expected to be active and alert
    • alcohol and intoxicants not consumed by the very devout
    • beleive body is a temple built by god which must be taken care of
63
Q

What is a Sikh place of worship called?

A

Gurdwara (temple)

  • canadian Sikhs typically worship on Sundays
64
Q

What is the role of the Gurdwara in Hindu dietary practice?

A
  • Food is served at the Gurdwaras
    • community kitchen where Lacto-vegetarian Punjabi food is served
    • Food prep is usually open to all and men and women both participate
65
Q
A
66
Q

What type of lacto-vegetarian food is served at the Gurdwaras?

A
  • roti (unleavened bread), cooked vegetables, lentils (dal), yoghurt, rice pudding, sweets and water for drinking
  • no alcohol
  • Indian (South Asian) spices are used
67
Q

What are the expectations of participating in the communal meal at the Gurdwaras?

A
  • uphold equality
  • before the food is served it must be blessed
  • People are expected to eat all the food served
68
Q

What is a Langar?

A

community kitchen at Sikh temple (Gurdwaras)

69
Q

Why is Langar important to Sikh university students in canada?

A
  • food reconnects them with the smells and tastes of home
  • knowledge of free food gives them comfort of knowing that when they have little money left at the end of the term, they can recieve food at the Gurdwara

NU FS 223 (36 decks)

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