week 8, apr 4th - 8th

Question 1

What is the life cycle of kingdom plantae called

Answer 1

Alternations of generations

Question 2

Name and describe the 2 generations (alternation of generations)

Answer 2

Sporophyte = multicellular diploid (2n)
Gametophyte = multicellular haploid (n)

Question 3

Describe the life cycle of kingdom plantae (steps)

Answer 3

Sporophyte makes spores by meiosis
Spores develop into gametophytes by mitosis
Gametophytes make gametes (sperm/pollen grain & ovule)
Fertilization (pollination) forms a zygote (2n)
Zygote undergoes mitosis to form a sporophyte

Question 4

Name the 4 phyla of kingdom plantae

Answer 4

Phylum bryophyta
Phylum pterophyta
Phylum coniferophyta (gymnosperm)
Phylum angiophyta (angiosperm)

Question 5

Describe phylum bryophyta

Answer 5

Mosses
Has sporophyte
Gametophyte is dominant

Question 6

Describe phylum pterophyta

Answer 6

Ferns

Sporophyte dominant

Question 7

Describe phylum coniferophyta

Answer 7

Pine
Gametophyte 
Female cone --> ovule 
Sporophyte 
Male cone --> sperm in pollen grain

Question 8

Describe phylum angiophyta

Answer 8

Has ovule, sperm/pollen and sporophyte

Question 9

Describe phylum bryophyta adaptations

Answer 9

Gametophyte is dominant
Evolved cuticle (wax cover to prevent desiccation)
Evolved sporophytes to spread by spores

Question 10

Describe phylum bryophyta flaws

Answer 10

Flagellated sperm needs to swim to fertilize the ovule
No vascular tissue, leaves or roots
Have rhizoids to anchor to rock, not for drinking

Question 11

Describe phylum pterophyta adaptations

Answer 11

Have cuticle
Sporophyte is dominant
Evolved vascular tissue (vascularized) = xylem and phloem
Evolved guard cells to regulate transpiration

Question 12

Describe phylum pterophyta flaws

Answer 12

Flagellated sperm must swim to egg

Seedless

Question 13

What is transpiration

Answer 13

Loss of water during gas exchange for photosynthesis

Question 14

What is the xylem

Answer 14

Dead cells that transport water and minerals up

Question 15

What is the phloem

Answer 15

Live cells that transport sucrose up or down

Question 16

Describe phylum coniferophyta adaptations

Answer 16

Sporophyte is dominant
Evolved pollen grain tp transport sperm by wind (random delivery)
Evolved a seed to protect embryo (from drying out, pack nutrients for developing seedling)

Question 17

Describe phylum angiophyta adaptations

Answer 17

Sporophyte dominant
Have cuticle (not on roots), guard cells, pollen grains, seeds
Evolved flowers to attract pollinators
Coevolution of the flower shape and pollinators mouth part (*SYMBIOSIS)
Evolved fruit to spread seeds
Evolved extra xylem cell called vessel element that is better for drinking than tracheid cells

Question 18

Describe kingdom animalia

Answer 18

Eukaryotes, heterotroph, multicellular, animals produce gametes by meiosis

Question 19

Describe phylum porifera (sponges)

Answer 19

No symmetry or radial symmetry

Question 20

What is radial symmetry

Answer 20

Animal has a top and bottom, has no left/front/back because they are round
Animal can be cut into 2 equal halved in different ways

Question 21

What do sponges have/dont have

Answer 21

No nervous tissue
No circulatory system
No digestive system in (intracellular digestion only with lysosomes)
Gas exchange by simple diffusion

Question 22

What are filter feeders

Answer 22

Absorb water and plankton through their porocytes lining their pores

Question 23

Give examples of plankton

Answer 23

Phytoplankton = algae

Zooplankton

Question 24

Describe the process of filter feeders absorbing

Answer 24

Water and plankton enter their cavity called spongocoel
Chaonocytes beat their flagellum to circulate water and plankton inside the sponge
Chaonocytes engulf the plankton by phagocytosis
Amoebocytes distribute nutrients, make spicules (endoskeleton) and make gametes by meiosis
Water leaves through osculum

Question 25

Are filter feeders anchored (sessile)

Answer 25

YEs

Question 26

Describe phylum cnidaria

Answer 26

Radial symmetry
Evolved a nerve net (no head, no cephalization)
Evolved an incomplete digestive system (one opening, gastrovascular cavity)

Question 27

Name the two body shapes of phylum cnidaria

Answer 27

Polyp (sessile/anchored)

Medusa (Swimming)

Question 28

What did the 2 body shapes evolve from

Answer 28

2 germ layers (diploblastic)
Ectoderm (develops into nervous system and skin)
Endoderm (lines inside of organs)

Question 29

Give examples from phylum cnidaria

Answer 29

Jelly fish (medusa)
Coral, sea anemone, hydra (polyps)
Obelia (both shapes)

Question 30

What do all cnidarians have

Answer 30

Stinging cells called cnidocytes

Question 31

Describe polyp

Answer 31

Has tentacle, mouth/anus, mesoglea, sessile, gastrovascular cavity and cnidocytes

Question 32

Describe medusa

Answer 32

Has gastrovascular cavity, tentacle, mouth/anus and cnidocytes

Question 33

Describe the life cycle of obelia

Answer 33

Polyp stage = asexual reproduction (one individual producing identical offspring)
Budding another polyp
Reproducing medusa in a reproductive polyp

Question 34

Describe sexual reproduction (obelia)

Answer 34

Two individuals contributing equal amount of genetic information to form different offspring

2 medusae (egg and sperm) –> zygote 2n –> embryo –> larva –> back to original

Question 35

Describe phylum platyhelminthes

Answer 35

Flatworms = planarium, tape worm and flukes (parasites)

Question 36

What did phylum platyhelminthes evolve from

Answer 36

3 germ layers (triploblastic)
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm (develops into muscles, bones and heart)