week 8, apr 4th - 8th Flashcards
What is the life cycle of kingdom plantae called
Alternations of generations
Name and describe the 2 generations (alternation of generations)
Sporophyte = multicellular diploid (2n) Gametophyte = multicellular haploid (n)
Describe the life cycle of kingdom plantae (steps)
Sporophyte makes spores by meiosis
Spores develop into gametophytes by mitosis
Gametophytes make gametes (sperm/pollen grain & ovule)
Fertilization (pollination) forms a zygote (2n)
Zygote undergoes mitosis to form a sporophyte
Name the 4 phyla of kingdom plantae
Phylum bryophyta
Phylum pterophyta
Phylum coniferophyta (gymnosperm)
Phylum angiophyta (angiosperm)
Describe phylum bryophyta
Mosses
Has sporophyte
Gametophyte is dominant
Describe phylum pterophyta
Ferns
Sporophyte dominant
Describe phylum coniferophyta
Pine Gametophyte Female cone --> ovule Sporophyte Male cone --> sperm in pollen grain
Describe phylum angiophyta
Has ovule, sperm/pollen and sporophyte
Describe phylum bryophyta adaptations
Gametophyte is dominant Evolved cuticle (wax cover to prevent desiccation) Evolved sporophytes to spread by spores
Describe phylum bryophyta flaws
Flagellated sperm needs to swim to fertilize the ovule
No vascular tissue, leaves or roots
Have rhizoids to anchor to rock, not for drinking
Describe phylum pterophyta adaptations
Have cuticle
Sporophyte is dominant
Evolved vascular tissue (vascularized) = xylem and phloem
Evolved guard cells to regulate transpiration
Describe phylum pterophyta flaws
Flagellated sperm must swim to egg
Seedless
What is transpiration
Loss of water during gas exchange for photosynthesis
What is the xylem
Dead cells that transport water and minerals up
What is the phloem
Live cells that transport sucrose up or down
Describe phylum coniferophyta adaptations
Sporophyte is dominant
Evolved pollen grain tp transport sperm by wind (random delivery)
Evolved a seed to protect embryo (from drying out, pack nutrients for developing seedling)
Describe phylum angiophyta adaptations
Sporophyte dominant
Have cuticle (not on roots), guard cells, pollen grains, seeds
Evolved flowers to attract pollinators
Coevolution of the flower shape and pollinators mouth part (*SYMBIOSIS)
Evolved fruit to spread seeds
Evolved extra xylem cell called vessel element that is better for drinking than tracheid cells
Describe kingdom animalia
Eukaryotes, heterotroph, multicellular, animals produce gametes by meiosis
Describe phylum porifera (sponges)
No symmetry or radial symmetry
What is radial symmetry
Animal has a top and bottom, has no left/front/back because they are round
Animal can be cut into 2 equal halved in different ways
What do sponges have/dont have
No nervous tissue
No circulatory system
No digestive system in (intracellular digestion only with lysosomes)
Gas exchange by simple diffusion
What are filter feeders
Absorb water and plankton through their porocytes lining their pores
Give examples of plankton
Phytoplankton = algae
Zooplankton
Describe the process of filter feeders absorbing
Water and plankton enter their cavity called spongocoel
Chaonocytes beat their flagellum to circulate water and plankton inside the sponge
Chaonocytes engulf the plankton by phagocytosis
Amoebocytes distribute nutrients, make spicules (endoskeleton) and make gametes by meiosis
Water leaves through osculum
Are filter feeders anchored (sessile)
YEs
Describe phylum cnidaria
Radial symmetry
Evolved a nerve net (no head, no cephalization)
Evolved an incomplete digestive system (one opening, gastrovascular cavity)
Name the two body shapes of phylum cnidaria
Polyp (sessile/anchored)
Medusa (Swimming)
What did the 2 body shapes evolve from
2 germ layers (diploblastic)
Ectoderm (develops into nervous system and skin)
Endoderm (lines inside of organs)
Give examples from phylum cnidaria
Jelly fish (medusa)
Coral, sea anemone, hydra (polyps)
Obelia (both shapes)
What do all cnidarians have
Stinging cells called cnidocytes
Describe polyp
Has tentacle, mouth/anus, mesoglea, sessile, gastrovascular cavity and cnidocytes
Describe medusa
Has gastrovascular cavity, tentacle, mouth/anus and cnidocytes
Describe the life cycle of obelia
Polyp stage = asexual reproduction (one individual producing identical offspring)
Budding another polyp
Reproducing medusa in a reproductive polyp
Describe sexual reproduction (obelia)
Two individuals contributing equal amount of genetic information to form different offspring
2 medusae (egg and sperm) –> zygote 2n –> embryo –> larva –> back to original
Describe phylum platyhelminthes
Flatworms = planarium, tape worm and flukes (parasites)
What did phylum platyhelminthes evolve from
3 germ layers (triploblastic)
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm (develops into muscles, bones and heart)
