week 8, apr 4th - 8th Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life cycle of kingdom plantae called

A

Alternations of generations

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2
Q

Name and describe the 2 generations (alternation of generations)

A
Sporophyte = multicellular diploid (2n)
Gametophyte = multicellular haploid (n)
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3
Q

Describe the life cycle of kingdom plantae (steps)

A

Sporophyte makes spores by meiosis
Spores develop into gametophytes by mitosis
Gametophytes make gametes (sperm/pollen grain & ovule)
Fertilization (pollination) forms a zygote (2n)
Zygote undergoes mitosis to form a sporophyte

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4
Q

Name the 4 phyla of kingdom plantae

A

Phylum bryophyta
Phylum pterophyta
Phylum coniferophyta (gymnosperm)
Phylum angiophyta (angiosperm)

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5
Q

Describe phylum bryophyta

A

Mosses
Has sporophyte
Gametophyte is dominant

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6
Q

Describe phylum pterophyta

A

Ferns

Sporophyte dominant

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7
Q

Describe phylum coniferophyta

A
Pine
Gametophyte 
Female cone --> ovule 
Sporophyte 
Male cone --> sperm in pollen grain
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8
Q

Describe phylum angiophyta

A

Has ovule, sperm/pollen and sporophyte

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9
Q

Describe phylum bryophyta adaptations

A
Gametophyte is dominant
Evolved cuticle (wax cover to prevent desiccation)
Evolved sporophytes to spread by spores
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10
Q

Describe phylum bryophyta flaws

A

Flagellated sperm needs to swim to fertilize the ovule
No vascular tissue, leaves or roots
Have rhizoids to anchor to rock, not for drinking

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11
Q

Describe phylum pterophyta adaptations

A

Have cuticle
Sporophyte is dominant
Evolved vascular tissue (vascularized) = xylem and phloem
Evolved guard cells to regulate transpiration

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12
Q

Describe phylum pterophyta flaws

A

Flagellated sperm must swim to egg

Seedless

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13
Q

What is transpiration

A

Loss of water during gas exchange for photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the xylem

A

Dead cells that transport water and minerals up

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15
Q

What is the phloem

A

Live cells that transport sucrose up or down

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16
Q

Describe phylum coniferophyta adaptations

A

Sporophyte is dominant
Evolved pollen grain tp transport sperm by wind (random delivery)
Evolved a seed to protect embryo (from drying out, pack nutrients for developing seedling)

17
Q

Describe phylum angiophyta adaptations

A

Sporophyte dominant
Have cuticle (not on roots), guard cells, pollen grains, seeds
Evolved flowers to attract pollinators
Coevolution of the flower shape and pollinators mouth part (*SYMBIOSIS)
Evolved fruit to spread seeds
Evolved extra xylem cell called vessel element that is better for drinking than tracheid cells

18
Q

Describe kingdom animalia

A

Eukaryotes, heterotroph, multicellular, animals produce gametes by meiosis

19
Q

Describe phylum porifera (sponges)

A

No symmetry or radial symmetry

20
Q

What is radial symmetry

A

Animal has a top and bottom, has no left/front/back because they are round
Animal can be cut into 2 equal halved in different ways

21
Q

What do sponges have/dont have

A

No nervous tissue
No circulatory system
No digestive system in (intracellular digestion only with lysosomes)
Gas exchange by simple diffusion

22
Q

What are filter feeders

A

Absorb water and plankton through their porocytes lining their pores

23
Q

Give examples of plankton

A

Phytoplankton = algae

Zooplankton

24
Q

Describe the process of filter feeders absorbing

A

Water and plankton enter their cavity called spongocoel
Chaonocytes beat their flagellum to circulate water and plankton inside the sponge
Chaonocytes engulf the plankton by phagocytosis
Amoebocytes distribute nutrients, make spicules (endoskeleton) and make gametes by meiosis
Water leaves through osculum

25
Are filter feeders anchored (sessile)
YEs
26
Describe phylum cnidaria
Radial symmetry Evolved a nerve net (no head, no cephalization) Evolved an incomplete digestive system (one opening, gastrovascular cavity)
27
Name the two body shapes of phylum cnidaria
Polyp (sessile/anchored) | Medusa (Swimming)
28
What did the 2 body shapes evolve from
2 germ layers (diploblastic) Ectoderm (develops into nervous system and skin) Endoderm (lines inside of organs)
29
Give examples from phylum cnidaria
Jelly fish (medusa) Coral, sea anemone, hydra (polyps) Obelia (both shapes)
30
What do all cnidarians have
Stinging cells called cnidocytes
31
Describe polyp
Has tentacle, mouth/anus, mesoglea, sessile, gastrovascular cavity and cnidocytes
32
Describe medusa
Has gastrovascular cavity, tentacle, mouth/anus and cnidocytes
33
Describe the life cycle of obelia
Polyp stage = asexual reproduction (one individual producing identical offspring) Budding another polyp Reproducing medusa in a reproductive polyp
34
Describe sexual reproduction (obelia)
Two individuals contributing equal amount of genetic information to form different offspring 2 medusae (egg and sperm) --> zygote 2n --> embryo --> larva --> back to original
35
Describe phylum platyhelminthes
Flatworms = planarium, tape worm and flukes (parasites)
36
What did phylum platyhelminthes evolve from
3 germ layers (triploblastic) Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm (develops into muscles, bones and heart)