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bio 1 > week 5 - lab quiz 2 > Flashcards

week 5 - lab quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define coarse adjustment

A

moves stage up and down to get a rough focus

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2
Q

Define fine adjustment

A

moves stage up and down to get a fine focus

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3
Q

Define ocular/eyepiece

A

part to look into microscope, contains lenses to increase magnification

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4
Q

Define objectives

A

contains lenses of different magnification on a revolving nose piece

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5
Q

Define stage

A

supports specimen, has opening which allows light to come through from light source underneath, mechanical stage knobs control positioning of slide

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6
Q

Define iris diaphragm

A

opening underneath stage whose size can be regulated in order to regulate amount of light passing through specimen

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7
Q

Define condenser

A

focuses light on specimen, adjusts contrast

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8
Q

How is total magnification found

A

product of magnification of eyepiece times magnification of objective

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9
Q

Which two parts of microscope magnify

A

the eyepiece and objective

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10
Q

Define parfocal

A

all objectives are adjusted to the same plane of focus

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11
Q

what is the growth of a multicellular organism due to

A

division and multiplication of its somatic celles by mitosis

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12
Q

name the 2 types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

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13
Q

Describe asexual reproduction

A

a single parent splits or buds by mitosis to produce two or more individuals

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14
Q

What is the result of asexual reproduction

A

Daughter cells which are genetically identical to each other and the parent, same number of chromosomes

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15
Q

What type of individual does asexual reproduction produce

A

adapted individual to produce more adapted individuals

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16
Q

Describe sexual reproduction

A

2 parents, gametes unite during fertilization to form zygote, chromosome number is reduced by half, 1n+1n=2n

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17
Q

What is the result of sexual reproduction

A

not identical to each other or parents

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18
Q

What type of individual does sexual reproduction produce

A

evolved individuals in response to demands of their environment

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19
Q

For sexual reproduction what doe chromosomes usually exist as

A

homologous pairs, 2 kinds of each chromosome

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20
Q

define homologous pair

A

similar in length, shape, size and carries genes that control the same characters

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21
Q

what is a diploid cell

A

2n

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22
Q

what is a haploid cell

A

n

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23
Q

what does mitosis produce

A

2 daughter nuclei which are exact replicas of parent

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24
Q

what is mitosis responsible for

A

Asexual reproduction like fission, budding, regeneration, how a multicellular organism grows and how mature organisms replace damaged or old somatic cells

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25
which phase are cells in most of the time
interphase
26
define interphase
period between one nuclear division and the next
27
what happens during g1
growth of cytoplasmic material, like organelles
28
what happens during s
duplication of DNA, chromosomes become condensed during prophase they will each have 2 identical daughter chromosomes called chromatids attached at centromere
29
what happens during g2
structures involved with mitosis, like spindle fibres are synthesized for animal cells, centrioles undergo cell division to produce 2 pairs of centrioles
30
What happens in prophase
Individual chromosomes become distinguishable chromosome = 2 chromatids attached at centromere nuclear membrane breaks down centriole pairs outside nuclear membrane move to opposite ends of cell
31
what happens in metaphase
chromosome moves back and forth along spindle fibre chromosomes line up at equator of cell spindle fibres attach to the kinetochore of each chromosome
32
what happens in anaphase
kinetochores divide and 2 identical sets of chromosomes (previously chromatids) move to opposite poles
33
what happens in telophase
chromosomes reach opposite poles cytokinesis begins = - animal cell = cleavage furrow is created and 2 daughter cells are formed - plant cell = form cell plate spindle apparatus disperses and nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes become indistinct
34
what cells result from meiosis
haploid cells
35
What is meiosis
spermatogonia and oogonia are germ cells, some of which develop into primary spermatocytes and oocytes, these are diploid cells which undergo meiosis to produce sperm and egg cells
36
What does kind of divisons does meiosis have
2 successive divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II
37
what results from meiosis
4 haploid nuclei, not identical and have half the chromosomes as parent cells
38
Before meiosis I what happens
Chromosomes are duplicated during interphase
39
What happens before meiosis II
2 nuclei undergo meiosis II BUT THERES NO DUPLICATION OF DNA
40
what happens in prophase I
2 homologous chromosomes join together through synapsis to form a tetrad, diploid cell of 4 has 2 tetrads, crossing over takes place between 2 non sister chromatids
41
Where is the 1st source of variation
crossing over between 2 non sister chromatids
42
where is the 2nd source of variation
Independent assortment occurs
43
what happens in metaphase I
tetrads align along metaphase plate, independent assortment occurs
44
what happens in anaphase I
homologous chromosomes separate and move to each pole
45
what happens in telophase I
cytokinesis forms 2 non identical haploid cells
46
are there any more homologues present at the end of meiosis I
NOOO
47
what happens in prophase II
as mitosis
48
what happens in metaphase II
individual chromosomes align (mitosis like) perpendicular to spindle fibres
49
what happens in anaphase II
sister chromatids separate and move to each pole
50
what happens in telophase II
meiosis yields 4 non identical haploid cells Spermatogenesis = 4 haploid sperm cells Oogenesis = one ovum and 3 polar bodies which eventually degenerate
51
spermatogenesis: describe undifferentiated germ cells
round cells at edge of seminiferous tubules
52
spermatogenesis: describe primary spermatocytes
large cells just to the inside of germ cells
53
spermatogenesis: describe secondary spermatocytes
slightly smaller cells to the inside of primary spermatocytes
54
what are secondary spermatocytes produced by
meiosis I
55
spermatogenesis: describe spermatids
smaller cells to the inside of secondary spermatocytes
56
what are spermatids produced by
meiosis II
57
What do spermatids mature into
sperm cells
58
What do sperm cells look like
elongated cells in central portion of the seminiferous tubule
59
Oogenesis: where do ova develop
within minute vesicular follicles
60
Oogenesis: what happens to oogonial cells
they differentiate into primary oocytes during prenatal development and progress to prophase I by the time of birth
61
Oogenesis: When does meiotic division of primary oocytes occur
only after puberty, a couple cells a month
62
Oogenesis: What produces the large and functional secondary oocyte and the small non functional first polar body
the unequal division of the cytoplasm
63
Oogenesis: what happens to first polar body
rapidly degenerates | sometimes can undergo meiotic division forming 2 functionless polar bodies
64
Oogenesis: What does secondary oocyte do
progresses to metaphase and stops developing till it is fertilized
65
Oogenesis: When is second meiotic division completed
only after developing ovum has been expelled from the ovary and fertilization has occurred
66
Oogenesis: what happens to the mature follicle | graafian follicle
it ruptures and the ovum is expelled out of the ovarian surface in a stream of follicular fluid
67
Oogenesis: what happens once ovulation has occurred
definite changes take place within ovary
68
Oogenesis: what is corpus luteum
cells lining the ruptured follicle multiply and create a cell mass
69
Oogenesis: what is the corpus albicans
if ovum is not fertilized the corpus lutuem degenerates and forms an area of scar tissue

bio 1 (16 decks)

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