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bio 1 > week 5 - lab quiz 2 > Flashcards

week 5 - lab quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define coarse adjustment

A

moves stage up and down to get a rough focus

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2
Q

Define fine adjustment

A

moves stage up and down to get a fine focus

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3
Q

Define ocular/eyepiece

A

part to look into microscope, contains lenses to increase magnification

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4
Q

Define objectives

A

contains lenses of different magnification on a revolving nose piece

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5
Q

Define stage

A

supports specimen, has opening which allows light to come through from light source underneath, mechanical stage knobs control positioning of slide

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6
Q

Define iris diaphragm

A

opening underneath stage whose size can be regulated in order to regulate amount of light passing through specimen

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7
Q

Define condenser

A

focuses light on specimen, adjusts contrast

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8
Q

How is total magnification found

A

product of magnification of eyepiece times magnification of objective

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9
Q

Which two parts of microscope magnify

A

the eyepiece and objective

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10
Q

Define parfocal

A

all objectives are adjusted to the same plane of focus

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11
Q

what is the growth of a multicellular organism due to

A

division and multiplication of its somatic celles by mitosis

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12
Q

name the 2 types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

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13
Q

Describe asexual reproduction

A

a single parent splits or buds by mitosis to produce two or more individuals

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14
Q

What is the result of asexual reproduction

A

Daughter cells which are genetically identical to each other and the parent, same number of chromosomes

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15
Q

What type of individual does asexual reproduction produce

A

adapted individual to produce more adapted individuals

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16
Q

Describe sexual reproduction

A

2 parents, gametes unite during fertilization to form zygote, chromosome number is reduced by half, 1n+1n=2n

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17
Q

What is the result of sexual reproduction

A

not identical to each other or parents

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18
Q

What type of individual does sexual reproduction produce

A

evolved individuals in response to demands of their environment

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19
Q

For sexual reproduction what doe chromosomes usually exist as

A

homologous pairs, 2 kinds of each chromosome

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20
Q

define homologous pair

A

similar in length, shape, size and carries genes that control the same characters

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21
Q

what is a diploid cell

A

2n

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22
Q

what is a haploid cell

A

n

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23
Q

what does mitosis produce

A

2 daughter nuclei which are exact replicas of parent

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24
Q

what is mitosis responsible for

A

Asexual reproduction like fission, budding, regeneration, how a multicellular organism grows and how mature organisms replace damaged or old somatic cells

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25
Q

which phase are cells in most of the time

A

interphase

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26
Q

define interphase

A

period between one nuclear division and the next

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27
Q

what happens during g1

A

growth of cytoplasmic material, like organelles

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28
Q

what happens during s

A

duplication of DNA, chromosomes become condensed during prophase they will each have 2 identical daughter chromosomes called chromatids attached at centromere

29
Q

what happens during g2

A

structures involved with mitosis, like spindle fibres are synthesized
for animal cells, centrioles undergo cell division to produce 2 pairs of centrioles

30
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Individual chromosomes become distinguishable
chromosome = 2 chromatids attached at centromere
nuclear membrane breaks down
centriole pairs outside nuclear membrane move to opposite ends of cell

31
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosome moves back and forth along spindle fibre
chromosomes line up at equator of cell
spindle fibres attach to the kinetochore of each chromosome

32
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

kinetochores divide and 2 identical sets of chromosomes (previously chromatids) move to opposite poles

33
Q

what happens in telophase

A

chromosomes reach opposite poles
cytokinesis begins =
- animal cell = cleavage furrow is created and 2 daughter cells are formed
- plant cell = form cell plate
spindle apparatus disperses and nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes become indistinct

34
Q

what cells result from meiosis

A

haploid cells

35
Q

What is meiosis

A

spermatogonia and oogonia are germ cells, some of which develop into primary spermatocytes and oocytes, these are diploid cells which undergo meiosis to produce sperm and egg cells

36
Q

What does kind of divisons does meiosis have

A

2 successive divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II

37
Q

what results from meiosis

A

4 haploid nuclei, not identical and have half the chromosomes as parent cells

38
Q

Before meiosis I what happens

A

Chromosomes are duplicated during interphase

39
Q

What happens before meiosis II

A

2 nuclei undergo meiosis II BUT THERES NO DUPLICATION OF DNA

40
Q

what happens in prophase I

A

2 homologous chromosomes join together through synapsis to form a tetrad, diploid cell of 4 has 2 tetrads, crossing over takes place between 2 non sister chromatids

41
Q

Where is the 1st source of variation

A

crossing over between 2 non sister chromatids

42
Q

where is the 2nd source of variation

A

Independent assortment occurs

43
Q

what happens in metaphase I

A

tetrads align along metaphase plate, independent assortment occurs

44
Q

what happens in anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes separate and move to each pole

45
Q

what happens in telophase I

A

cytokinesis forms 2 non identical haploid cells

46
Q

are there any more homologues present at the end of meiosis I

A

NOOO

47
Q

what happens in prophase II

A

as mitosis

48
Q

what happens in metaphase II

A

individual chromosomes align (mitosis like) perpendicular to spindle fibres

49
Q

what happens in anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate and move to each pole

50
Q

what happens in telophase II

A

meiosis yields 4 non identical haploid cells
Spermatogenesis = 4 haploid sperm cells
Oogenesis = one ovum and 3 polar bodies which eventually degenerate

51
Q

spermatogenesis: describe undifferentiated germ cells

A

round cells at edge of seminiferous tubules

52
Q

spermatogenesis: describe primary spermatocytes

A

large cells just to the inside of germ cells

53
Q

spermatogenesis: describe secondary spermatocytes

A

slightly smaller cells to the inside of primary spermatocytes

54
Q

what are secondary spermatocytes produced by

A

meiosis I

55
Q

spermatogenesis: describe spermatids

A

smaller cells to the inside of secondary spermatocytes

56
Q

what are spermatids produced by

A

meiosis II

57
Q

What do spermatids mature into

A

sperm cells

58
Q

What do sperm cells look like

A

elongated cells in central portion of the seminiferous tubule

59
Q

Oogenesis: where do ova develop

A

within minute vesicular follicles

60
Q

Oogenesis: what happens to oogonial cells

A

they differentiate into primary oocytes during prenatal development and progress to prophase I by the time of birth

61
Q

Oogenesis: When does meiotic division of primary oocytes occur

A

only after puberty, a couple cells a month

62
Q

Oogenesis: What produces the large and functional secondary oocyte and the small non functional first polar body

A

the unequal division of the cytoplasm

63
Q

Oogenesis: what happens to first polar body

A

rapidly degenerates

sometimes can undergo meiotic division forming 2 functionless polar bodies

64
Q

Oogenesis: What does secondary oocyte do

A

progresses to metaphase and stops developing till it is fertilized

65
Q

Oogenesis: When is second meiotic division completed

A

only after developing ovum has been expelled from the ovary and fertilization has occurred

66
Q

Oogenesis: what happens to the mature follicle

graafian follicle

A

it ruptures and the ovum is expelled out of the ovarian surface in a stream of follicular fluid

67
Q

Oogenesis: what happens once ovulation has occurred

A

definite changes take place within ovary

68
Q

Oogenesis: what is corpus luteum

A

cells lining the ruptured follicle multiply and create a cell mass

69
Q

Oogenesis: what is the corpus albicans

A

if ovum is not fertilized the corpus lutuem degenerates and forms an area of scar tissue

bio 1 (16 decks)

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