week 11, apr 25th - 29th Flashcards
Describe flow chart of circulatory system of birds and mammals
All organs except lungs Oxygen poor blood returning to heart via two vena cava Two vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Lungs Oxygen rich blood Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta (Back to top)
Name species in class mammalia
Bat
Whale
Human
Name two common features of class mammalia
Hair
Production of milk to feed young
Name and explain the three groups of mammals
Monotremes = produce amniotic egg (eggshell) Marsupials = have neonates that climb to the pouch to fuse mouth to nipple Placental = embryo implants and the placenta develops to feed the fetus via an umbilical cord
Name parts of mammal circulatory system
AV valves Semilunar valves Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Veins
Describe basic flow chart of mammal circulatory system
Heart Arteries Arterioles Capillaries in organs Venules Veins (Back to top)
What are arteries and arterioles (mammal circulatory system)
Arteries = always transport blood away from heart, most transport oxygen rich blood Arterioles = control the amount of blood going into an organ
Do all arteries transport oxygen rich blood (mammal circulatory system)
NO
All do except pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
What do AV and semilunar valves do (mammal circulatory system)
AV valves prevent back flow into both atria
Semilunar valves prevent back flow into both ventricles
What do capillaries and veins do (mammal circulatory system)
Capillaries = smallest vessel forming a capillary bed in an organ, donate oxygen, nutrients (glucose and amino acids) to cells of organs, reabsorbs carbon dioxide and other waste Veins = blood reservoir, most of blood is in veins, hage valves to help blood returning to heart
Name composition of blood of mammals
Cells mostly erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes
Plasma
What are erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Have hemoglobins to transport oxygen
What are leucocytes
White blood cells
Nucleated
For immune system (phagocytes and make antibodies)
What are thrombocytes
Platelets
Blood clotting
What is plasma
Liquid portion of blood Mostly water Proteins (antibodies and clotting) Electrolytes Buffer
What separates blood
Centrifuge
Describe flow of air for humans
Nose/mouth Pharynx Larynx (voice box) Trachea (wind pipe) Bronchus (have two bronchi total) Bronchioles Alveolar sac Alveolus
Where does gas exchange occur for humans respiratory system
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
Describe gas exchange of humans
Passive transport = high to low, simple diffusion across phospholipid bilayer
Describe flow of gas exchange for humans
Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Oxygen poor blood Capillary head Oxygen rich blood Pulmonary veins Left atrium
Describe breathing of humans
Negative pressure breathing = air moving toward lower pressure
Inhale
Exhale
Describe inhale of humans
Diaphragm contracts = diaphragm lowers when it contracts
Rib cage lifts
Volume in chest expands
Pressure decreases
Describe exhale of humans
Passive Diaphragm relaxes = diaphragm moves upwards Rib cage leaves Decreasing volume in lungs Increasing pressure in lungs
State population genetics (hardy Weinberg principle) theory
If four conditions are met the frequencies of individuals (genotypes) won’t change from generation to generation = no evolution
What is a population and what is a species
Population = members of the same species that interact together Species = members that can reproduce (viable offspring and fertile)
What is a gene pool
All the alleles of the all the members of a population
Describe math portion of population genetics
Always adds up to 1
And = multiply
Or = add
* add up each individual and put over total to get decimals and must add up to 1
Explain frequencies of alleles
Gametes/haploid in gene pool
Dominant allele = p
Recessive allele = q
p + q = 1
Explain frequencies of individuals
Homozygous dominant = p^2
Heterozygous = 2pq
Homozygous recessive = q^2
p^2 + 2pq + q^2
What is genetic drift
When frequencies in gene pool would change with time
Name and explain first condition for no evolution
Need a large population
No founder effect (when a small group of pioneers go and populate an isolated area)
No bottle neck effect (when a major event kills most of population, few surviving will not represent genetic diversity or frequencies observed before)
