week 11, apr 25th - 29th

Question 1

Describe flow chart of circulatory system of birds and mammals

Answer 1

All organs except lungs 
Oxygen poor blood returning to heart via two vena cava 
Two vena cava 
Right atrium 
Right ventricle 
Pulmonary trunk 
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs 
Oxygen rich blood 
Left atrium 
Left ventricle 
Aorta 
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Question 2

Name species in class mammalia

Answer 2

Bat
Whale
Human

Question 3

Name two common features of class mammalia

Answer 3

Hair

Production of milk to feed young

Question 4

Name and explain the three groups of mammals

Answer 4

Monotremes = produce amniotic egg (eggshell) 
Marsupials = have neonates that climb to the pouch to fuse mouth to nipple 
Placental = embryo implants and the placenta develops to feed the fetus via an umbilical cord

Question 5

Name parts of mammal circulatory system

Answer 5

AV valves 
Semilunar valves 
Arteries 
Arterioles 
Capillaries 
Veins

Question 6

Describe basic flow chart of mammal circulatory system

Answer 6

Heart 
Arteries 
Arterioles
Capillaries in organs 
Venules
Veins 
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Question 7

What are arteries and arterioles (mammal circulatory system)

Answer 7

Arteries = always transport blood away from heart, most transport oxygen rich blood 
Arterioles = control the amount of blood going into an organ

Question 8

Do all arteries transport oxygen rich blood (mammal circulatory system)

Answer 8

NO

All do except pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

Question 9

What do AV and semilunar valves do (mammal circulatory system)

Answer 9

AV valves prevent back flow into both atria

Semilunar valves prevent back flow into both ventricles

Question 10

What do capillaries and veins do (mammal circulatory system)

Answer 10

Capillaries = smallest vessel forming a capillary bed in an organ, donate oxygen, nutrients (glucose and amino acids) to cells of organs, reabsorbs carbon dioxide and other waste 
Veins = blood reservoir, most of blood is in veins, hage valves to help blood returning to heart

Question 11

Name composition of blood of mammals

Answer 11

Cells mostly erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes
Plasma

Question 12

What are erythrocytes

Answer 12

Red blood cells

Have hemoglobins to transport oxygen

Question 13

What are leucocytes

Answer 13

White blood cells
Nucleated
For immune system (phagocytes and make antibodies)

Question 14

What are thrombocytes

Answer 14

Platelets

Blood clotting

Question 15

What is plasma

Answer 15

Liquid portion of blood 
Mostly water 
Proteins (antibodies and clotting) 
Electrolytes 
Buffer

Question 16

What separates blood

Answer 16

Centrifuge

Question 17

Describe flow of air for humans

Answer 17

Nose/mouth 
Pharynx 
Larynx (voice box) 
Trachea (wind pipe) 
Bronchus (have two bronchi total) 
Bronchioles
Alveolar sac 
Alveolus

Question 18

Where does gas exchange occur for humans respiratory system

Answer 18

Alveolar sac

Alveolus

Question 19

Describe gas exchange of humans

Answer 19

Passive transport = high to low, simple diffusion across phospholipid bilayer

Question 20

Describe flow of gas exchange for humans

Answer 20

Right ventricle 
Pulmonary artery 
Oxygen poor blood 
Capillary head 
Oxygen rich blood 
Pulmonary veins 
Left atrium

Question 21

Describe breathing of humans

Answer 21

Negative pressure breathing = air moving toward lower pressure
Inhale
Exhale

Question 22

Describe inhale of humans

Answer 22

Diaphragm contracts = diaphragm lowers when it contracts
Rib cage lifts
Volume in chest expands
Pressure decreases

Question 23

Describe exhale of humans

Answer 23

Passive 
Diaphragm relaxes = diaphragm moves upwards  
Rib cage leaves
Decreasing volume in lungs 
Increasing pressure in lungs

Question 24

State population genetics (hardy Weinberg principle) theory

Answer 24

If four conditions are met the frequencies of individuals (genotypes) won’t change from generation to generation = no evolution

Question 25

What is a population and what is a species

Answer 25

``` Population = members of the same species that interact together Species = members that can reproduce (viable offspring and fertile) ```

Question 26

What is a gene pool

Answer 26

All the alleles of the all the members of a population

Question 27

Describe math portion of population genetics

Answer 27

Always adds up to 1 And = multiply Or = add * add up each individual and put over total to get decimals and must add up to 1

Question 28

Explain frequencies of alleles

Answer 28

Gametes/haploid in gene pool Dominant allele = p Recessive allele = q p + q = 1

Question 29

Explain frequencies of individuals

Answer 29

Homozygous dominant = p^2 Heterozygous = 2pq Homozygous recessive = q^2 p^2 + 2pq + q^2

Question 30

What is genetic drift

Answer 30

When frequencies in gene pool would change with time

Question 31

Name and explain first condition for no evolution

Answer 31

Need a large population No founder effect (when a small group of pioneers go and populate an isolated area) No bottle neck effect (when a major event kills most of population, few surviving will not represent genetic diversity or frequencies observed before)