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bio 1 > week 2, feb 7th - 11th > Flashcards

week 2, feb 7th - 11th Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are monomers called in relation to proteins

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is each amino acid composed of

A

A central carbon

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3
Q

What is the central carbon in an amino acid attached to

A

Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen
Amino group - NH2
Side chain - R that varies to make 20 different amino acids

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4
Q

What do two amino acids form

A

Dipeptide

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5
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

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6
Q

What are polymers called in relation to proteins

A

Polypeptides

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7
Q

True or false: Proteins cannot be composed of more than one polypeptide

A

False

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8
Q

What is crucial to the normal functioning of the proteins

A

Amino acid sequence

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9
Q

Name the 8 functions of proteins

A 
Structural proteins (building material)
Storage of nutrients 
Transport 
Hormones 
Receptor proteins 
Antibodies 
Enzymes 
Movement
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10
Q

Name structural proteins and their characteristics

A

Keratin - in hair, nails, horns and hoof

Collagen makes skin elastic

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11
Q

Name storage of nutrients protein and the characteristics

A

Oval bumin - egg whites, nutrients for developing chick

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12
Q

Name transport proteins and their characteristics

A

Hemoglobin - transports oxygen inside red blood cells
Transport (integral protein) - controlling hydrophilic molecules entering or leaving cells
Motor - transport organelles to specific destination using ATP (cellular energy)

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13
Q

Describe receptor proteins

A

Bind with specific messengers, a hormone (endocrine system) or a neurotransmitter (nervous system)

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14
Q

Describe antibodies

A

An antibody attacks an antigen

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15
Q

What are antibodies a part of

A

The immune system

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16
Q

What is an antigen

A

Bacteria or virus or wrong blood transfusion

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17
Q

What antibodies, antigens and glycoproteins does type A blood have

A

Anti B antibodies
Antigen A
Glycoprotein A

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18
Q

What antibodies, antigens and glycoproteins does type B blood have

A

Anti A antibodies
Antigen B
Glycoprotein B

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19
Q

What antibodies and antigens does type AB blood have

A

NO ANTIBODIES

Antigen A and Antigen B

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20
Q

What antibodies does type O blood have

A

Anti A antibodies

Anti B antibodies

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21
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers to maintain homeostasis

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22
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining “internal milieu” within healthy parameters

23
Q

Can hormones be both proteins or steroids

A

Yea, they can

24
Q

Describe the homeostasis of blood sugar: Hypoglycemia

A
  • Pancreas secretes glucagon (protein hormone) into blood stream
  • Glucagon binds to its specific receptor on the liver (target cell)
  • Liver will hydrolyze glycogen into glucose to reestablish blood sugar within homeostatic range
25
Q

What is hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar

26
Q

What is hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar

27
Q

Describe the homeostasis of blood sugar: Hyperglycemia

A
  • Pancreas secretes insulin into blood stream
  • Insulin binds to its specific receptor on many target cells to increase their uptake of glucose (liver and skeletal muscles will store glycogen, by dehydration)
  • All cells use glucose to make energy (ATP)
  • Extra is converted to fat
28
Q

What are enzymes

A

Catalysts they increase the rate of reaction (decrease Ea)

29
Q

Describe the function of enzymes

A

They work on specific substrates (key) that fits in the active site (key hole) of the enzyme (lock)

30
Q

Describe what the active site does to the substrate

A

Induced fit breaks down the substrate via hydrolysis and releases monomers

31
Q

When is the enzyme saturated

A

When the substrate is in the active site

32
Q

What is an example of the movement protein in action

A

Skeletal muscle contractions move limbs

33
Q

What is movement

A

Sliding of proteins

34
Q

Which proteins are contained in a muscle cell

A

Actin
Myosin
Motor

35
Q

Describe a relaxed muscle

A

Long and thin

36
Q

Describe a contracted muscle

A

Motor proteins using ATP slides the actin inwards

Shorter and thicker

37
Q

What are monomers called in relation to nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

Name the parts that compose nucleotides

A 
Nitrogenous base 
Sugar (monosaccharide)
Phosphate group (PO4-)
39
Q

Name two types of nitrogenous base

A

Purines (larger)

Pyrimidines (smaller)

40
Q

Name the types of purines

A

A - adenine

G - guanine

41
Q

Name the types of pyrimidines

A

C - cytosine
U - uracil
T - thymine
(“cut pie”)

42
Q

What are the 2 types of sugar monosaccharides

A

Deoxyribose in DNA

Ribose in RNA

43
Q

Which part of structure is 3’ (3 prime)

A

Corner of house

44
Q

Which part of structure is 5’ (5 prime)

A

P (chimney type thing)

45
Q

What are polymers called in relation to nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

46
Q

Describe structure of DNA

A

Double helix (2 strands of nucleotides)
2 sugar phosphate backbones
Nitrogenous bases in the centre
Constant diameter

47
Q

Describe the nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Purine (large) binds with pyrimidine (small)
Adenine binds with Thymine using 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine binds with cytosine using 3 hydrogen bonds

48
Q

Describe the function of DNA

A

Genetic information inherited from parents (genetic makeup located in chromosomes)
Blueprint/recipe to make all your proteins
Controls the activity inside your cells (activity done by proteins)
Universal code of life

49
Q

Describe the phosphodiester linkage of DNA

A

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides together via dehydration

50
Q

Describe the phosphodiester linkage RNA

A

Uses enzyme called RNA polymerase

51
Q

What is only found in RNA

A

Uracil

52
Q

What is not found in RNA

A

Thymine

53
Q

What is the overall function of RNA

A

Protein synthesis

54
Q

How do you name enzymes based off of the substrate name

A

End with -ase
EX: substrate –> enzyme name
Sucrose –> Sucrase
Lactose –> Lactase

bio 1 (16 decks)

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