week 2, feb 7th - 11th Flashcards
What are monomers called in relation to proteins
Amino acids
What is each amino acid composed of
A central carbon
What is the central carbon in an amino acid attached to
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen
Amino group - NH2
Side chain - R that varies to make 20 different amino acids
What do two amino acids form
Dipeptide
What are the bonds between amino acids
Peptide bonds
What are polymers called in relation to proteins
Polypeptides
True or false: Proteins cannot be composed of more than one polypeptide
False
What is crucial to the normal functioning of the proteins
Amino acid sequence
Name the 8 functions of proteins
Structural proteins (building material) Storage of nutrients Transport Hormones Receptor proteins Antibodies Enzymes Movement
Name structural proteins and their characteristics
Keratin - in hair, nails, horns and hoof
Collagen makes skin elastic
Name storage of nutrients protein and the characteristics
Oval bumin - egg whites, nutrients for developing chick
Name transport proteins and their characteristics
Hemoglobin - transports oxygen inside red blood cells
Transport (integral protein) - controlling hydrophilic molecules entering or leaving cells
Motor - transport organelles to specific destination using ATP (cellular energy)
Describe receptor proteins
Bind with specific messengers, a hormone (endocrine system) or a neurotransmitter (nervous system)
Describe antibodies
An antibody attacks an antigen
What are antibodies a part of
The immune system
What is an antigen
Bacteria or virus or wrong blood transfusion
What antibodies, antigens and glycoproteins does type A blood have
Anti B antibodies
Antigen A
Glycoprotein A
What antibodies, antigens and glycoproteins does type B blood have
Anti A antibodies
Antigen B
Glycoprotein B
What antibodies and antigens does type AB blood have
NO ANTIBODIES
Antigen A and Antigen B
What antibodies does type O blood have
Anti A antibodies
Anti B antibodies
What are hormones
Chemical messengers to maintain homeostasis
What is homeostasis
Maintaining “internal milieu” within healthy parameters
Can hormones be both proteins or steroids
Yea, they can
Describe the homeostasis of blood sugar: Hypoglycemia
- Pancreas secretes glucagon (protein hormone) into blood stream
- Glucagon binds to its specific receptor on the liver (target cell)
- Liver will hydrolyze glycogen into glucose to reestablish blood sugar within homeostatic range
What is hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
What is hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
Describe the homeostasis of blood sugar: Hyperglycemia
- Pancreas secretes insulin into blood stream
- Insulin binds to its specific receptor on many target cells to increase their uptake of glucose (liver and skeletal muscles will store glycogen, by dehydration)
- All cells use glucose to make energy (ATP)
- Extra is converted to fat
What are enzymes
Catalysts they increase the rate of reaction (decrease Ea)
Describe the function of enzymes
They work on specific substrates (key) that fits in the active site (key hole) of the enzyme (lock)
Describe what the active site does to the substrate
Induced fit breaks down the substrate via hydrolysis and releases monomers
When is the enzyme saturated
When the substrate is in the active site
What is an example of the movement protein in action
Skeletal muscle contractions move limbs
What is movement
Sliding of proteins
Which proteins are contained in a muscle cell
Actin
Myosin
Motor
Describe a relaxed muscle
Long and thin
Describe a contracted muscle
Motor proteins using ATP slides the actin inwards
Shorter and thicker
What are monomers called in relation to nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Name the parts that compose nucleotides
Nitrogenous base Sugar (monosaccharide) Phosphate group (PO4-)
Name two types of nitrogenous base
Purines (larger)
Pyrimidines (smaller)
Name the types of purines
A - adenine
G - guanine
Name the types of pyrimidines
C - cytosine
U - uracil
T - thymine
(“cut pie”)
What are the 2 types of sugar monosaccharides
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA
Which part of structure is 3’ (3 prime)
Corner of house
Which part of structure is 5’ (5 prime)
P (chimney type thing)
What are polymers called in relation to nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Describe structure of DNA
Double helix (2 strands of nucleotides)
2 sugar phosphate backbones
Nitrogenous bases in the centre
Constant diameter
Describe the nitrogenous bases in DNA
Purine (large) binds with pyrimidine (small)
Adenine binds with Thymine using 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine binds with cytosine using 3 hydrogen bonds
Describe the function of DNA
Genetic information inherited from parents (genetic makeup located in chromosomes)
Blueprint/recipe to make all your proteins
Controls the activity inside your cells (activity done by proteins)
Universal code of life
Describe the phosphodiester linkage of DNA
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides together via dehydration
Describe the phosphodiester linkage RNA
Uses enzyme called RNA polymerase
What is only found in RNA
Uracil
What is not found in RNA
Thymine
What is the overall function of RNA
Protein synthesis
How do you name enzymes based off of the substrate name
End with -ase
EX: substrate –> enzyme name
Sucrose –> Sucrase
Lactose –> Lactase
