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bio 1 > week 2, feb 7th - 11th > Flashcards

week 2, feb 7th - 11th Flashcards

1
Q

What are monomers called in relation to proteins

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is each amino acid composed of

A

A central carbon

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3
Q

What is the central carbon in an amino acid attached to

A

Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen
Amino group - NH2
Side chain - R that varies to make 20 different amino acids

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4
Q

What do two amino acids form

A

Dipeptide

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5
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

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6
Q

What are polymers called in relation to proteins

A

Polypeptides

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7
Q

True or false: Proteins cannot be composed of more than one polypeptide

A

False

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8
Q

What is crucial to the normal functioning of the proteins

A

Amino acid sequence

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9
Q

Name the 8 functions of proteins

A 
Structural proteins (building material)
Storage of nutrients 
Transport 
Hormones 
Receptor proteins 
Antibodies 
Enzymes 
Movement
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10
Q

Name structural proteins and their characteristics

A

Keratin - in hair, nails, horns and hoof

Collagen makes skin elastic

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11
Q

Name storage of nutrients protein and the characteristics

A

Oval bumin - egg whites, nutrients for developing chick

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12
Q

Name transport proteins and their characteristics

A

Hemoglobin - transports oxygen inside red blood cells
Transport (integral protein) - controlling hydrophilic molecules entering or leaving cells
Motor - transport organelles to specific destination using ATP (cellular energy)

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13
Q

Describe receptor proteins

A

Bind with specific messengers, a hormone (endocrine system) or a neurotransmitter (nervous system)

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14
Q

Describe antibodies

A

An antibody attacks an antigen

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15
Q

What are antibodies a part of

A

The immune system

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16
Q

What is an antigen

A

Bacteria or virus or wrong blood transfusion

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17
Q

What antibodies, antigens and glycoproteins does type A blood have

A

Anti B antibodies
Antigen A
Glycoprotein A

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18
Q

What antibodies, antigens and glycoproteins does type B blood have

A

Anti A antibodies
Antigen B
Glycoprotein B

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19
Q

What antibodies and antigens does type AB blood have

A

NO ANTIBODIES

Antigen A and Antigen B

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20
Q

What antibodies does type O blood have

A

Anti A antibodies

Anti B antibodies

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21
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers to maintain homeostasis

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22
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining “internal milieu” within healthy parameters

23
Q

Can hormones be both proteins or steroids

A

Yea, they can

24
Q

Describe the homeostasis of blood sugar: Hypoglycemia

A
  • Pancreas secretes glucagon (protein hormone) into blood stream
  • Glucagon binds to its specific receptor on the liver (target cell)
  • Liver will hydrolyze glycogen into glucose to reestablish blood sugar within homeostatic range
25
What is hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
26
What is hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
27
Describe the homeostasis of blood sugar: Hyperglycemia
- Pancreas secretes insulin into blood stream - Insulin binds to its specific receptor on many target cells to increase their uptake of glucose (liver and skeletal muscles will store glycogen, by dehydration) - All cells use glucose to make energy (ATP) - Extra is converted to fat
28
What are enzymes
Catalysts they increase the rate of reaction (decrease Ea)
29
Describe the function of enzymes
They work on specific substrates (key) that fits in the active site (key hole) of the enzyme (lock)
30
Describe what the active site does to the substrate
Induced fit breaks down the substrate via hydrolysis and releases monomers
31
When is the enzyme saturated
When the substrate is in the active site
32
What is an example of the movement protein in action
Skeletal muscle contractions move limbs
33
What is movement
Sliding of proteins
34
Which proteins are contained in a muscle cell
Actin Myosin Motor
35
Describe a relaxed muscle
Long and thin
36
Describe a contracted muscle
Motor proteins using ATP slides the actin inwards | Shorter and thicker
37
What are monomers called in relation to nucleic acids
Nucleotides
38
Name the parts that compose nucleotides
``` Nitrogenous base Sugar (monosaccharide) Phosphate group (PO4-) ```
39
Name two types of nitrogenous base
Purines (larger) | Pyrimidines (smaller)
40
Name the types of purines
A - adenine | G - guanine
41
Name the types of pyrimidines
C - cytosine U - uracil T - thymine ("cut pie")
42
What are the 2 types of sugar monosaccharides
Deoxyribose in DNA | Ribose in RNA
43
Which part of structure is 3' (3 prime)
Corner of house
44
Which part of structure is 5' (5 prime)
P (chimney type thing)
45
What are polymers called in relation to nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
46
Describe structure of DNA
Double helix (2 strands of nucleotides) 2 sugar phosphate backbones Nitrogenous bases in the centre Constant diameter
47
Describe the nitrogenous bases in DNA
Purine (large) binds with pyrimidine (small) Adenine binds with Thymine using 2 hydrogen bonds Guanine binds with cytosine using 3 hydrogen bonds
48
Describe the function of DNA
Genetic information inherited from parents (genetic makeup located in chromosomes) Blueprint/recipe to make all your proteins Controls the activity inside your cells (activity done by proteins) Universal code of life
49
Describe the phosphodiester linkage of DNA
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides together via dehydration
50
Describe the phosphodiester linkage RNA
Uses enzyme called RNA polymerase
51
What is only found in RNA
Uracil
52
What is not found in RNA
Thymine
53
What is the overall function of RNA
Protein synthesis
54
How do you name enzymes based off of the substrate name
End with -ase EX: substrate --> enzyme name Sucrose --> Sucrase Lactose --> Lactase

bio 1 (16 decks)

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