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bio 1 > bio lab 3 week 8 > Flashcards

bio lab 3 week 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can living organisms be

A

Unicellular or multicellular

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2
Q

Name the 2 types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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3
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

2 domains = bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

What are archaea related to

A

Archaea is more closely related to eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

Name the 2 things can bacteria be

A

Pathogenic

Non pathogenic

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7
Q

What are most bacteria

A

Saprophytic (function as decomposer)

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8
Q

What are saprophytic bacteria

A

Heterotrophic

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9
Q

Describe the purpose of saprophytic bacteria

A

Secrete digestive enzymes into environment which breakdown organic macromolecules into organic monomers and inorganic molecules

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10
Q

What are some bacteria

A

Producers, autotrophic

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11
Q

Describe the purpose of autotrophic bacteria

A

Synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules using energy from sunlight (photosynthetic) or from oxidation reduction reactions (chemosynthetic)

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12
Q

Describe cyanobacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria
Found in water environments
Some species produce toxins and create problems in lakes

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13
Q

What are bacteria required for

A

Nitrogen cycle

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14
Q

What do bacteria do in nitrogen cycle

A

Carry out nitrogen fixation

Atmospheric nitrogen N2 is converted into inorganic nitrogen for growth of plants

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15
Q

Describe cell wall of bacteria

A

Made of peptidogylcan

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16
Q

Describe how bacteria can be classified

A 
Shape
   Bacilli (rod shaped)
   Cocci (spherical)
   Spirilla (spiral shaped)
Gram stain 
   Gram positive (purple)
   Gram negative (pink) because of differences in 
   composition of their cell wall
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17
Q

What is the zone of inhibition

A

No growth zone of E coli

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18
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

Domain = eukarya

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19
Q

Define protists

A

Diverse group of distantly related eukaryotes (not plants, animals or fungi)

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20
Q

What are most protists

A

Unicellular
Most from colonies
Some are multicellular

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21
Q

What are protists classified as

A 
Plant like (algae)
Animal like (protozoan)
Fungal like
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22
Q

Name two examples of animal like protists

A

Amoeba

Paramecium

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23
Q

Describe amoeba

A

Unicellular

Forms pseudopods by cytoplasmic streaming to move and engulf prey (phagocytosis)

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24
Q

Describe paramecium

A

Unicellular

Uses cilia for movement

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25
Q

What are protists believed ro be

A

Ancestors of plants, fungi and animals

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26
Q

What are protists in relation to the food chain

A

Important food source in aquatic food chains (phytoplankton and zooplankton)

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27
Q

What are cilia

A

Furry hair part on outside

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28
Q

Describe chlamydomonas

A

Unicellular
Oval shape
Uses 2 flagella at anterior end for movement

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29
Q

Describe volvox

A

Colonial organism showing division of labour

Cells that are arranged in a hollow sphere surrounding daughter colonies (mode of reproduction)

30
Q

Describe spirogyra

A

Multicellular

Filamentous green algae with a spiral shaped chloroplast

31
Q

Describe kingdom fungi

A

Non motile organisms with rigid cell walls made of chitin

32
Q

What are multicellular fungi composed of

A

Masses of filamentous cells which provide area for absorption

33
Q

What are fungi

A

Absorptive heterotrophs

34
Q

What are fungi classified as

A

Decomposers (saprobes)
Parasites
Mutualistic (lichens)

35
Q

What is lichens

A

Variety of colours and forms

36
Q

Describe fungi mutualistic symbiosis

A

2 different organisms = photosynthetic autotroph and a fungus
Fungus receives nutrients produced by autotroph through photosynthesis
Autotroph receives minerals absorbed by fungus

37
Q

What is kingdom plantae

A

Terrestrial plants that have simple requirements as green algae

38
Q

Name the simple requirements for kingdom plantae

A 
Light 
CO2
O2
H2O
Some minerals
39
Q

Name adaptations for plants

A

Evolved vascular tissues in the form of roots to transport nutrients from soil
Pollen and seeds evolved for fertilization and protection/dispersion of the embryo

40
Q

What is the life cycle of all terrestrial plants

A

Alternation of generations

41
Q

Describe characteristics of phylum bryophyta (mosses)

A

Small land plants
No vascular tissue
Keep all parts of plant body close to moist soil
Reproduce sexually by flagellated sperm cells swimming to egg cells
Gametophyte (haploid) is dominant and the spore producing sporophyte (diploid) is dependant on the gametophyte

42
Q

Describe characteristics of phylum pterophyta (ferns)

A

Seedless plants
Grow taller than bryophytes because of vascular tissue in the sporophyte
Limited to moist environments
Flagellated sperms must swim to egg cells to achieve fertilization in sexual reproduction
Gametophyte produces a fiddlehead that develops into sporophyte which is dominant

43
Q

Describe characteristics of phylum coniferophyta (gymnosperms)

A

Conifers (pines, firs, spruces, cedars…)
Gymnosperm = naked seed
Have male and female cones
Most are evergreens that retain leaves year round
Needle shaped leaves are adapted to dry and cold conditions
Gymnosperms have seed and pollen
Sporophyte stage is dominant

44
Q

Describe characteristics of phylum angiophyta (angiosperms)

A

Flowering plants
Most numerous, diverse and widespread of the terrestrial plants
Plant or tree we recognize = mature sporophyte (multicellular diploid)
Gametophytes are housed within flower (specialized reproductive structure in angiosperms)
Have seed and pollen
Additional adaptations of flowers and fruit (protects seeds)
Flower is often colourful to advertise the flowers to pollinators (birds and insects)

45
Q

Name 3 main parts of a flower

A

Modified leaves
Stamen (male reproductive organ)
Carpel/pistil (female reproductive organ)

46
Q

Describe components of the modified leaves of a flower

A 
Sepal = enclose and protect the flower bud before opening 
Petal = colourful and advertise to pollinators
47
Q

Describe components of the stamen of a flower

A 
Anther = pollen sac of the flower which produces pollen grains containing male gamete 
Filament = supports the anther
48
Q

Describe components of the carpel/pistil of a flower 3

A 
Stigma = sticky part of the carpel that traps pollen grains 
Style = stalk of carpel 
Ovary = part of carpel in which egg containing ovules develop, develops into fruit
49
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of roots

A 
Taproot = thick main root with lateral roots growing from it 
Fibrous = no central root, consists of mass of thick roots 
Adventitious = grows from the stem or any organ other than the root
50
Q

Name the parts of a root (6)

A 
Epidermis 
Cortex 
Endodermis 
Pericycle 
Xylem 
Phloem
51
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Protective outer layer, 1-3 cell layers thick

52
Q

Describe the cortex

A

Stores starch, large cells between vascular bundle and epidermis

53
Q

Describe the endodermis

A

Single layer of smaller cells just inside cortex, cell walls are thickened, controls entry of water into vascular bundle

54
Q

Describe the pericycle

A

Have ability to divide and give rise to lateral roots, single layer of cells just inside endodermis

55
Q

Describe the xylem

A

Conduct water and minerals throughout plant and provide support, large thick walled dead cells in centre, x shaped

56
Q

Describe the phloem

A

Transports organic food throughout plant, small, compact, live cells between arms of xylem

57
Q

Describe the stem

A

Part of plant above ground, upright, bears leaves
Supports leaves and flowers of the plant
Some stems are sites of food storage

58
Q

Describe leaf structure

A

Blade = broad, flat part of leaf
Petiole = thin stem like part that attaches the blade to the stem (some leaves lack petioles and have the blades directly attached to the stem = sessile leaves)
Venation present = veins are vascular bundles seen in longitudinal sections
Leaves can be simple (single leaf) or compound (leaflets)

59
Q

Describe the 2 types of leaf venation

A

Some leaves have parallel venation

Others have net venation (palmate or pinnate)

60
Q

Name the parts of a leaf (7)

A 
Upper epidermis 
Palisade mesophyll 
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis 
Guard cells 
Stoma 
Vascular bundle (vein)
61
Q

Describe the upper epidermis

A

Top layer of cells coated with waxy cuticle

62
Q

Describe the palisade mesophyll

A

Cylindrically shaped cells arranged in layers just below the upper epidermis, main area of photosynthesis, many chloroplasts

63
Q

Describe the spongy mesophyll

A

Irregularly shaped cells just below the palisade mesophyll with many air spaces between them

64
Q

Describe the lower epidermis

A

Bottom layer of cells

65
Q

Describe the guard cells

A

Controls opening and closing of stomata

66
Q

Describe the stoma

A

Gas exchange for photosynthesis/cellular respiration and water evaporation

67
Q

Describe the vascular bundle

A

Thick walled xylem cells and small phloem cells, transportation of water, minerals and food throughout plants

68
Q

Name and briefly describe the 3 categories of adapted leaves

A

Syringa = mesophyte (not too wet, not too dry)
Nerium, oleander = xerophyte (dry)
Nymphea = hydrophyte (wet, floats on water)

69
Q

Describe syringa (mesophyte)

A

Normal cuticle
One layer of epidermis cells
No large spaces in spongy mesophyll
Stomata in lower epidermis not in pits lined with hair

70
Q

Describe nerium/oleander (xerophyte)

A

Very thick cuticle
More than one layer of epidermal cells
Stomata are in sheltered pits lined by hairs
Palisade mesophyll cells are smaller and less numerous

71
Q

Describe nymphea (hydrophyte)

A

Very thin cuticle
Bigger palisade layer and epidermal cells many contain chloroplasts
Stomata in upper epidermis
Very large air chambers in spongy mesophyll to float

72
Q

Describe 3 steps to wet mount procedure

A

Place specimen in a drop of water on the slide
Gently lower coverslip to avoid formation of air bubbles
Dry the underside of slip before putting it on the stage (wet slide will stick to stage and make it hard to move it around)

bio 1 (16 decks)

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