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bio 1 > week 3, feb 14th - 18th > Flashcards

week 3, feb 14th - 18th Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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2
Q

Describe mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, has information to make one specific polypeptide/protein
codon (3 nucleotides code for one specific amino acid)

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3
Q

Describe tRNA

A

Transfer/transports a specific amino acid, anticodon (3 nucleotides at bottom) must match with the codon

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4
Q

Describe rRNA

A

Ribosomal, found in ribosomes

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5
Q

Where is the site of all protein making

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

Name 2 steps of DNA –> RNA

A

Transcription

Translation

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7
Q

Describe transcription

A

Copy DNA the length of a gene to make RNA
Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
mRNA = recipe
tRNA = ingredients
rRNA = bakes it
Ribosome sub units and mRNA is sent out through a pore and then goes through translation

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8
Q

Describe translation

A

Protein synthesis, changing sequence of nucleotides to sequence of amino acids
Occurs in cytoplasm
2 ribosome subunits and tRNA attach to mRNA, tRNA reads codons, dehydration creates a peptide bonds, keeps translating the next codons until stop codon and the sub units detach and amino acid sequence folds into a polypeptide

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9
Q

What is ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)

A

Cellular energy, type of nucleotide, transfers energetic phosphate groups to another molecule to transfer the energy

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10
Q

What are living things composed of

A

One or more cells

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11
Q

Name the 2 groups of cells

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

Divided into 2 domains: archaea and bacteria

NO NUCLEUS AND NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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13
Q

Name parts of a prokaryotic cell

A

Circular chromosome DNA in region called nucleoid
Have ribosomes for protein synthesis
Have plasma membrane
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

1 domain: eukarya

HAVE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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15
Q

What do just animal cells have

A

Centrosome with centrioles

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16
Q

What to just plant cells have

A

Cell wall made of cellulose
MOC
Very large vacuole
Chloroplasts

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17
Q

What do plant and animal cells both have 10

A 
Ribosomes 
Plasma membrane 
DNA 
Nuclei 
Nucleoli 
ER 
Golgi 
Lysosome 
Mitochondria 
Peroxisome
18
Q

What do ALL cells have

A

DNA, ribosomes and plasma membrane

19
Q

Name all eukaryotic cell organelles and structures 17

A 
Nucleus
Nucleolus 
Ribosome
RER 
SER 
Golgi 
Lysosome 
Vacuoles in animal cells 
Vacuoles in plant cells 
Peroxisome 
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion 
Centrioles in animal cells 
Centrioles in plant cells 
MOC 
Cilium 
Flagellum
20
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

Nucleus, RER, SER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles

21
Q

Describe the nucleus

A 
Surrounded by nuclear envelop 
DNA is uncoiled (called chromatin)
Contains nucleolus 
Controls activity of cells 
Site of transcription (making RNA)
22
Q

Describe the nucleolus

A

Dense area inside nucleus (not membrane bound)
Site of RNA synthesis
Synthesis of ribosomes

23
Q

Describe the ribosomes

A

Two subunits composed of RNA and proteins (not membrane bound)
All protein synthesis is made inside
All protein synthesis begins on free ribosome
If protein needs to be exported, protein synthesis continues on bound ribosome

24
Q

Describe the RER

A

Network of membranes with bound ribosomes, attached to the nuclear envelop
protein exportation/secretion
Synthesis of Gylcoprotein

25
Q

Describe the SER

A

Network of membranes with no bound ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids (fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids)
Synthesis of membranes
Detoxification of drugs and toxins in liver
Make transport vesicle containing protein

26
Q

Describe the golgi

A

Flaps of membranes surrounded by vesicles
Stores, processes and delivers proteins from a secretory vesicle to export the protein outside the cell BY EXOCYTOSIS
Makes lysosomes

27
Q

Describe the lysosome

A

Membrane bound sac with enzymes for hydrolysis
Break down damaged organelles or old cells
Phagocytosis: cellular eating

28
Q

Describe the vacuoles in animal cells

A

Small membrane bound structure

Food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles

29
Q

Explain a food vacuole and contractile vacuole in animal cells

A

Food = formed by phagocytosis for intracellular digestion when lysosomes fuse with it

Contractile = expels water using ATP, found in unicellular animal (organisms in fresh water)

30
Q

Describe the vacuoles in plant cells

A

Very large membrane bound organelles

Storage

31
Q

Describe the peroxisome

A

Membrane bound sac containing enzymes
Breaks down lipids to provide carbon to burn to make ATP in mitochondria
Break down alcohol in liver

32
Q

Describe the chloroplast

A 
Surrounded by double membrane 
Inside is called STROMA 
Chlorophyll is located in thylakoid 
Stack of thylakoids = GRANUM/GRANA
Has DNA and ribosomes to self replicate
33
Q

Describe the light reaction

A

Sun energy is trapped by the chlorophyll in the thylakoids, water splits to form oxygen

34
Q

Describe the dark reaction

A

Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma, uses atmospheric carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to make glucose (stored energy)

35
Q

Describe the mitochondrion

A

Surrounded by double membrane
Inner membrane is convoluted, infolds = CRISTA(E)
Space inside inner membrane is called MATRIX
Has DNA and ribosomes to self replicate
Cellular respiration = making ATP
Oxidizing glucose or other organic molecules to make ATP

36
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton

A

Scaffolding or 3 types of protein fibers
Bones and muscles of a cell, provides shape to cell,
Anchors organelles
Movement of organelles by motor protein using ATP and walking on microtubules
Movement of chromosomes using the mitotic spindle during cell division
Movement of cells –> pseudopods and cilia and flagella

37
Q

Name the 3 types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments (composed of Actin)
Intermediate filament

38
Q

Describe the centrosome

A

Dense area not membrane bound
Contains centrioles
Makes the cytoskeleton or the mitotic spindle

39
Q

Describe the centrioles

A

Two rods at right angles each containing 9 triplets of microtubules

40
Q

Describe the MOC

A

Dense area

Makes cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle

41
Q

Describe the cilium

A

Short and many
9 Pairs of microtubules with 2 in centre
Moves using ATP
Cilia can move paramecium

42
Q

Describe the flagellum

A

Long and few
9 Pairs of microtubules with 2 in centre
Sperm cells move with one flagellum

bio 1 (16 decks)

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