week 3, feb 14th - 18th Flashcards
Name 3 types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Describe mRNA
Messenger RNA, has information to make one specific polypeptide/protein
codon (3 nucleotides code for one specific amino acid)
Describe tRNA
Transfer/transports a specific amino acid, anticodon (3 nucleotides at bottom) must match with the codon
Describe rRNA
Ribosomal, found in ribosomes
Where is the site of all protein making
Ribosomes
Name 2 steps of DNA –> RNA
Transcription
Translation
Describe transcription
Copy DNA the length of a gene to make RNA
Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
mRNA = recipe
tRNA = ingredients
rRNA = bakes it
Ribosome sub units and mRNA is sent out through a pore and then goes through translation
Describe translation
Protein synthesis, changing sequence of nucleotides to sequence of amino acids
Occurs in cytoplasm
2 ribosome subunits and tRNA attach to mRNA, tRNA reads codons, dehydration creates a peptide bonds, keeps translating the next codons until stop codon and the sub units detach and amino acid sequence folds into a polypeptide
What is ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)
Cellular energy, type of nucleotide, transfers energetic phosphate groups to another molecule to transfer the energy
What are living things composed of
One or more cells
Name the 2 groups of cells
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Describe prokaryotic cells
Divided into 2 domains: archaea and bacteria
NO NUCLEUS AND NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
Name parts of a prokaryotic cell
Circular chromosome DNA in region called nucleoid
Have ribosomes for protein synthesis
Have plasma membrane
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Describe eukaryotic cells
1 domain: eukarya
HAVE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
What do just animal cells have
Centrosome with centrioles
What to just plant cells have
Cell wall made of cellulose
MOC
Very large vacuole
Chloroplasts
What do plant and animal cells both have 10
Ribosomes Plasma membrane DNA Nuclei Nucleoli ER Golgi Lysosome Mitochondria Peroxisome
What do ALL cells have
DNA, ribosomes and plasma membrane
Name all eukaryotic cell organelles and structures 17
Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosome RER SER Golgi Lysosome Vacuoles in animal cells Vacuoles in plant cells Peroxisome Chloroplast Mitochondrion Centrioles in animal cells Centrioles in plant cells MOC Cilium Flagellum
What is the endomembrane system
Nucleus, RER, SER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles
Describe the nucleus
Surrounded by nuclear envelop DNA is uncoiled (called chromatin) Contains nucleolus Controls activity of cells Site of transcription (making RNA)
Describe the nucleolus
Dense area inside nucleus (not membrane bound)
Site of RNA synthesis
Synthesis of ribosomes
Describe the ribosomes
Two subunits composed of RNA and proteins (not membrane bound)
All protein synthesis is made inside
All protein synthesis begins on free ribosome
If protein needs to be exported, protein synthesis continues on bound ribosome
Describe the RER
Network of membranes with bound ribosomes, attached to the nuclear envelop
protein exportation/secretion
Synthesis of Gylcoprotein
Describe the SER
Network of membranes with no bound ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids (fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids)
Synthesis of membranes
Detoxification of drugs and toxins in liver
Make transport vesicle containing protein
Describe the golgi
Flaps of membranes surrounded by vesicles
Stores, processes and delivers proteins from a secretory vesicle to export the protein outside the cell BY EXOCYTOSIS
Makes lysosomes
Describe the lysosome
Membrane bound sac with enzymes for hydrolysis
Break down damaged organelles or old cells
Phagocytosis: cellular eating
Describe the vacuoles in animal cells
Small membrane bound structure
Food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles
Explain a food vacuole and contractile vacuole in animal cells
Food = formed by phagocytosis for intracellular digestion when lysosomes fuse with it
Contractile = expels water using ATP, found in unicellular animal (organisms in fresh water)
Describe the vacuoles in plant cells
Very large membrane bound organelles
Storage
Describe the peroxisome
Membrane bound sac containing enzymes
Breaks down lipids to provide carbon to burn to make ATP in mitochondria
Break down alcohol in liver
Describe the chloroplast
Surrounded by double membrane Inside is called STROMA Chlorophyll is located in thylakoid Stack of thylakoids = GRANUM/GRANA Has DNA and ribosomes to self replicate
Describe the light reaction
Sun energy is trapped by the chlorophyll in the thylakoids, water splits to form oxygen
Describe the dark reaction
Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma, uses atmospheric carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to make glucose (stored energy)
Describe the mitochondrion
Surrounded by double membrane
Inner membrane is convoluted, infolds = CRISTA(E)
Space inside inner membrane is called MATRIX
Has DNA and ribosomes to self replicate
Cellular respiration = making ATP
Oxidizing glucose or other organic molecules to make ATP
Describe the cytoskeleton
Scaffolding or 3 types of protein fibers
Bones and muscles of a cell, provides shape to cell,
Anchors organelles
Movement of organelles by motor protein using ATP and walking on microtubules
Movement of chromosomes using the mitotic spindle during cell division
Movement of cells –> pseudopods and cilia and flagella
Name the 3 types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfilaments (composed of Actin)
Intermediate filament
Describe the centrosome
Dense area not membrane bound
Contains centrioles
Makes the cytoskeleton or the mitotic spindle
Describe the centrioles
Two rods at right angles each containing 9 triplets of microtubules
Describe the MOC
Dense area
Makes cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle
Describe the cilium
Short and many
9 Pairs of microtubules with 2 in centre
Moves using ATP
Cilia can move paramecium
Describe the flagellum
Long and few
9 Pairs of microtubules with 2 in centre
Sperm cells move with one flagellum
