week 3, feb 14th - 18th

Question 1

Name 3 types of RNA

Answer 1

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 2

Describe mRNA

Answer 2

Messenger RNA, has information to make one specific polypeptide/protein
codon (3 nucleotides code for one specific amino acid)

Question 3

Describe tRNA

Answer 3

Transfer/transports a specific amino acid, anticodon (3 nucleotides at bottom) must match with the codon

Question 4

Describe rRNA

Answer 4

Ribosomal, found in ribosomes

Question 5

Where is the site of all protein making

Answer 5

Ribosomes

Question 6

Name 2 steps of DNA –> RNA

Answer 6

Transcription

Translation

Question 7

Describe transcription

Answer 7

Copy DNA the length of a gene to make RNA
Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
mRNA = recipe
tRNA = ingredients
rRNA = bakes it
Ribosome sub units and mRNA is sent out through a pore and then goes through translation

Question 8

Describe translation

Answer 8

Protein synthesis, changing sequence of nucleotides to sequence of amino acids
Occurs in cytoplasm
2 ribosome subunits and tRNA attach to mRNA, tRNA reads codons, dehydration creates a peptide bonds, keeps translating the next codons until stop codon and the sub units detach and amino acid sequence folds into a polypeptide

Question 9

What is ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)

Answer 9

Cellular energy, type of nucleotide, transfers energetic phosphate groups to another molecule to transfer the energy

Question 10

What are living things composed of

Answer 10

One or more cells

Question 11

Name the 2 groups of cells

Answer 11

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

Question 12

Describe prokaryotic cells

Answer 12

Divided into 2 domains: archaea and bacteria

NO NUCLEUS AND NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

Question 13

Name parts of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 13

Circular chromosome DNA in region called nucleoid
Have ribosomes for protein synthesis
Have plasma membrane
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Question 14

Describe eukaryotic cells

Answer 14

1 domain: eukarya

HAVE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

Question 15

What do just animal cells have

Answer 15

Centrosome with centrioles

Question 16

What to just plant cells have

Answer 16

Cell wall made of cellulose
MOC
Very large vacuole
Chloroplasts

Question 17

What do plant and animal cells both have 10

Answer 17

Ribosomes 
Plasma membrane 
DNA 
Nuclei 
Nucleoli 
ER 
Golgi 
Lysosome 
Mitochondria 
Peroxisome

Question 18

What do ALL cells have

Answer 18

DNA, ribosomes and plasma membrane

Question 19

Name all eukaryotic cell organelles and structures 17

Answer 19

Nucleus
Nucleolus 
Ribosome
RER 
SER 
Golgi 
Lysosome 
Vacuoles in animal cells 
Vacuoles in plant cells 
Peroxisome 
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion 
Centrioles in animal cells 
Centrioles in plant cells 
MOC 
Cilium 
Flagellum

Question 20

What is the endomembrane system

Answer 20

Nucleus, RER, SER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles

Question 21

Describe the nucleus

Answer 21

Surrounded by nuclear envelop 
DNA is uncoiled (called chromatin)
Contains nucleolus 
Controls activity of cells 
Site of transcription (making RNA)

Question 22

Describe the nucleolus

Answer 22

Dense area inside nucleus (not membrane bound)
Site of RNA synthesis
Synthesis of ribosomes

Question 23

Describe the ribosomes

Answer 23

Two subunits composed of RNA and proteins (not membrane bound)
All protein synthesis is made inside
All protein synthesis begins on free ribosome
If protein needs to be exported, protein synthesis continues on bound ribosome

Question 24

Describe the RER

Answer 24

Network of membranes with bound ribosomes, attached to the nuclear envelop
protein exportation/secretion
Synthesis of Gylcoprotein

Question 25

Describe the SER

Answer 25

Network of membranes with no bound ribosomes Synthesis of lipids (fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids) Synthesis of membranes Detoxification of drugs and toxins in liver Make transport vesicle containing protein

Question 26

Describe the golgi

Answer 26

Flaps of membranes surrounded by vesicles Stores, processes and delivers proteins from a secretory vesicle to export the protein outside the cell BY EXOCYTOSIS Makes lysosomes

Question 27

Describe the lysosome

Answer 27

Membrane bound sac with enzymes for hydrolysis Break down damaged organelles or old cells Phagocytosis: cellular eating

Question 28

Describe the vacuoles in animal cells

Answer 28

Small membrane bound structure | Food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles

Question 29

Explain a food vacuole and contractile vacuole in animal cells

Answer 29

Food = formed by phagocytosis for intracellular digestion when lysosomes fuse with it Contractile = expels water using ATP, found in unicellular animal (organisms in fresh water)

Question 30

Describe the vacuoles in plant cells

Answer 30

Very large membrane bound organelles | Storage

Question 31

Describe the peroxisome

Answer 31

Membrane bound sac containing enzymes Breaks down lipids to provide carbon to burn to make ATP in mitochondria Break down alcohol in liver

Question 32

Describe the chloroplast

Answer 32

``` Surrounded by double membrane Inside is called STROMA Chlorophyll is located in thylakoid Stack of thylakoids = GRANUM/GRANA Has DNA and ribosomes to self replicate ```

Question 33

Describe the light reaction

Answer 33

Sun energy is trapped by the chlorophyll in the thylakoids, water splits to form oxygen

Question 34

Describe the dark reaction

Answer 34

Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma, uses atmospheric carbon dioxide as a source of carbon to make glucose (stored energy)

Question 35

Describe the mitochondrion

Answer 35

Surrounded by double membrane Inner membrane is convoluted, infolds = CRISTA(E) Space inside inner membrane is called MATRIX Has DNA and ribosomes to self replicate Cellular respiration = making ATP Oxidizing glucose or other organic molecules to make ATP

Question 36

Describe the cytoskeleton

Answer 36

Scaffolding or 3 types of protein fibers Bones and muscles of a cell, provides shape to cell, Anchors organelles Movement of organelles by motor protein using ATP and walking on microtubules Movement of chromosomes using the mitotic spindle during cell division Movement of cells --> pseudopods and cilia and flagella

Question 37

Name the 3 types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton

Answer 37

Microtubules Microfilaments (composed of Actin) Intermediate filament

Question 38

Describe the centrosome

Answer 38

Dense area not membrane bound Contains centrioles Makes the cytoskeleton or the mitotic spindle

Question 39

Describe the centrioles

Answer 39

Two rods at right angles each containing 9 triplets of microtubules

Question 40

Describe the MOC

Answer 40

Dense area | Makes cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle

Question 41

Describe the cilium

Answer 41

Short and many 9 Pairs of microtubules with 2 in centre Moves using ATP Cilia can move paramecium

Question 42

Describe the flagellum

Answer 42

Long and few 9 Pairs of microtubules with 2 in centre Sperm cells move with one flagellum