week 5, mar 7th - 11th

Question 1

What does meiosis in animals form

Answer 1

Gametes

Question 2

What is the female and male gametes

Answer 2

Ovum and sperm (both haploid)

Question 3

How many nuclear divisions does meiosis have

Answer 3

2

Question 4

Describe prophase I

Answer 4

Synapsis = joining of homologous chromosomes
4 visible chromosomes
Nuclear envelope fragments
Mitotic spindle growing

Question 5

What is the first source of variation in meiosis I and when does it happen

Answer 5

Crossing over = exchanging genes between non sister chromatids
Prophase I

Question 6

What are homologues

Answer 6

Chromosome pair, same genes in same squence

Question 7

What is a tetrad

Answer 7

Pair of homologous chromsomes

Question 8

What is structure chiasma

Answer 8

Pair of homologous chromsomes after crossing over

Question 9

Describe metaphase I

Answer 9

Tetrads align at metaphase plate
Kinetochore plates attach chromosomes at mitotic spindle
Second source of variation

Question 10

What is the second source of variation

Answer 10

Independant assortment = random alignment of members of a tetrad
Calculated with 2^n n = haploid #
Couple = man and woman (offspring) = 2^n x 2^n
If asks for gametes = just 2^n

Question 11

Describe anaphase I

Answer 11

Tetrads seperate and move to opposite poles

Question 12

Describe telophase I

Answer 12

Cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm
Cleavage furrow
Nuclear envelope reforms or not (depends on species)

Question 13

What happens inbetween telophase I and meiosis II

Answer 13

G2 of interphase

Replicates centrosomes/centrioles

Question 14

Describe prophase II

Answer 14

Two haploid daughter cells undergoing meiosis II

Question 15

Describe metaphase II

Answer 15

Individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

Kinetochore plates anchor chromosomes to mitotic spindle

Question 16

Describe anaphase II

Answer 16

Chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles (now referred to as chromosomes)

Question 17

Describe telophase II

Answer 17

Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforms
Produces 4 different haploid daughter cells

Question 18

Which phases of mitosis and meiosis are similar

Answer 18

Metaphase —> metaphase II

Anaphase —> anaphase II

Question 19

What is a carpel

Answer 19

Femake reproductive part (for flowers)

Question 20

What does a stigma do

Answer 20

Receives pollen

Question 21

What does the ovary do

Answer 21

Holds ovules

Question 22

What is the stamen and what does it do

Answer 22

Male reproductive part

Anther makes and stores the pollen grains (sperm)

Question 23

What do flowers do

Answer 23

Self pollinate

Question 24

Describe what mendel did

Answer 24

Cross pollinated two varieties of pea plants that differed for one trait (monohybrid cross)
- pure breed homozygous dominant purple flower was dusted with pollen of homozygous recessive white flower and it produced a first generation of heterozygous purple flowers

Question 25

What is used to signify a dominant trait

Answer 25

Capital letter

Question 26

What is used to signify recessive trait

Answer 26

Lower case letter

Question 27

What is an allele

Answer 27

Alternate form of a gene

Question 28

What is the locus

Answer 28

Site/position of a gene

Question 29

What is genotype

Answer 29

Genetic makeup

Question 30

What is phenotype

Answer 30

Expression of a gene

Question 31

What does PP make

Answer 31

Homozygous dominant | 2 of same alleles

Question 32

What does Pp make

Answer 32

Heterozygous | 2 different alleles

Question 33

What does pp make

Answer 33

Homozygous recessive | 2 same alleles non dominant

Question 34

How does a punnet square work

Answer 34

Put one flowers information on top and other on the left side of square. Gives genotypic and phenotypic ratios

Question 35

How are genotypic and phenotypic ratios different

Answer 35

Phenotypic = what you see = 3 purple flowers : 1 white flower Genotypic = contents of punnet square = 1PP : 2Pp : 1pp

Question 36

What is a test cross

Answer 36

Cross pollinate an unknown genotype with known genotype (help determines genotype of 2nd generation) Known genotype = pp (since white is recessive)

Question 37

What is incomplete dominance

Answer 37

When both alleles are expressed | Ex: white flower with red flower = pink flower

Question 38

What are multiple alleles

Answer 38

When there are more than 2 alleles

Question 39

Describe alleles in relation to blood type

Answer 39

``` IA & IB & i Blood type A: IA IA or IA i Blood type B: IB IB or IB i Blood type AB: IA IB Blood type O: i i ```

Question 40

What blood type produces children with all possible blood types

Answer 40

IA i & IB i | produces A, B, AB, O

Question 41

What produced the first law of segregation (separation)

Answer 41

Mendels complete dominance/monohybrid cross

Question 42

What is the first law of segregation (separation), for Mendels complete dominance

Answer 42

1. Individuals are diploid (2 alleles) 2. Gametes have one allele (ie 2 alleles separate during gamete formation) 3. The cross pollination of the two pure breeds forms a heterozygous (having 2 different alleles)

Question 43

How many chromosomes do humans have

Answer 43

2n (diploid) = 46