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bio 1 > week 5, mar 7th - 11th > Flashcards

week 5, mar 7th - 11th Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does meiosis in animals form

A

Gametes

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2
Q

What is the female and male gametes

A

Ovum and sperm (both haploid)

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3
Q

How many nuclear divisions does meiosis have

A

2

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4
Q

Describe prophase I

A

Synapsis = joining of homologous chromosomes
4 visible chromosomes
Nuclear envelope fragments
Mitotic spindle growing

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5
Q

What is the first source of variation in meiosis I and when does it happen

A

Crossing over = exchanging genes between non sister chromatids
Prophase I

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6
Q

What are homologues

A

Chromosome pair, same genes in same squence

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7
Q

What is a tetrad

A

Pair of homologous chromsomes

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8
Q

What is structure chiasma

A

Pair of homologous chromsomes after crossing over

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9
Q

Describe metaphase I

A

Tetrads align at metaphase plate
Kinetochore plates attach chromosomes at mitotic spindle
Second source of variation

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10
Q

What is the second source of variation

A

Independant assortment = random alignment of members of a tetrad
Calculated with 2^n n = haploid #
Couple = man and woman (offspring) = 2^n x 2^n
If asks for gametes = just 2^n

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11
Q

Describe anaphase I

A

Tetrads seperate and move to opposite poles

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12
Q

Describe telophase I

A

Cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm
Cleavage furrow
Nuclear envelope reforms or not (depends on species)

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13
Q

What happens inbetween telophase I and meiosis II

A

G2 of interphase

Replicates centrosomes/centrioles

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14
Q

Describe prophase II

A

Two haploid daughter cells undergoing meiosis II

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15
Q

Describe metaphase II

A

Individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

Kinetochore plates anchor chromosomes to mitotic spindle

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16
Q

Describe anaphase II

A

Chromatids seperate and move to opposite poles (now referred to as chromosomes)

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17
Q

Describe telophase II

A

Cytokinesis
Nuclear envelope reforms
Produces 4 different haploid daughter cells

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18
Q

Which phases of mitosis and meiosis are similar

A

Metaphase —> metaphase II

Anaphase —> anaphase II

19
Q

What is a carpel

A

Femake reproductive part (for flowers)

20
Q

What does a stigma do

A

Receives pollen

21
Q

What does the ovary do

A

Holds ovules

22
Q

What is the stamen and what does it do

A

Male reproductive part

Anther makes and stores the pollen grains (sperm)

23
Q

What do flowers do

A

Self pollinate

24
Q

Describe what mendel did

A

Cross pollinated two varieties of pea plants that differed for one trait (monohybrid cross)
- pure breed homozygous dominant purple flower was dusted with pollen of homozygous recessive white flower and it produced a first generation of heterozygous purple flowers

25
Q

What is used to signify a dominant trait

A

Capital letter

26
Q

What is used to signify recessive trait

A

Lower case letter

27
Q

What is an allele

A

Alternate form of a gene

28
Q

What is the locus

A

Site/position of a gene

29
Q

What is genotype

A

Genetic makeup

30
Q

What is phenotype

A

Expression of a gene

31
Q

What does PP make

A

Homozygous dominant

2 of same alleles

32
Q

What does Pp make

A

Heterozygous

2 different alleles

33
Q

What does pp make

A

Homozygous recessive

2 same alleles non dominant

34
Q

How does a punnet square work

A

Put one flowers information on top and other on the left side of square. Gives genotypic and phenotypic ratios

35
Q

How are genotypic and phenotypic ratios different

A

Phenotypic = what you see
= 3 purple flowers : 1 white flower
Genotypic = contents of punnet square
= 1PP : 2Pp : 1pp

36
Q

What is a test cross

A

Cross pollinate an unknown genotype with known genotype (help determines genotype of 2nd generation)
Known genotype = pp (since white is recessive)

37
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

When both alleles are expressed

Ex: white flower with red flower = pink flower

38
Q

What are multiple alleles

A

When there are more than 2 alleles

39
Q

Describe alleles in relation to blood type

A 
IA & IB & i 
Blood type A: IA IA or IA i 
Blood type B: IB IB or IB i 
Blood type AB: IA IB 
Blood type O: i i
40
Q

What blood type produces children with all possible blood types

A

IA i & IB i

produces A, B, AB, O

41
Q

What produced the first law of segregation (separation)

A

Mendels complete dominance/monohybrid cross

42
Q

What is the first law of segregation (separation), for Mendels complete dominance

A
  1. Individuals are diploid (2 alleles)
  2. Gametes have one allele (ie 2 alleles separate during gamete formation)
  3. The cross pollination of the two pure breeds forms a heterozygous (having 2 different alleles)
43
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

2n (diploid) = 46

bio 1 (16 decks)

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