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bio 1 > week 1, jan 31st - feb 4th > Flashcards

week 1, jan 31st - feb 4th Flashcards

1
Q

Name the order of organized matter

A 
Atoms 
Molecules 
Organelles 
Cells 
Tissues 
Organs
Systems 
Organisms 
Population 
Community 
Ecosystem 
Biomes
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2
Q

Name the elements living things are composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus (*phosphate group PO4-), sulfur
(CHNOPS)

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3
Q

Name the groups of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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4
Q

What are organelles

A

Structures inside a cell with a specific function (chloroplast, mitochondrion)

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5
Q

What is a cell

A

Basic unit of life

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6
Q

Define unicellular

A

Organism composed of one cell (bacteria)

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7
Q

Define colony

A

Organisms hanging out as a gang (bacteria)

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8
Q

Define multicellular

A

Organisms composed of many cells (plants, animals)

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9
Q

What are tissues

A

Group of similar cells (mesophyll tissue does photosynthesis)

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10
Q

What are organs

A

Structure in a multicellular organism with a specific function composed of different tissues (leaf = organ for photosynthesis, stomach)

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11
Q

What is a system

A

Group of organs with a similar general function (circulatory system, respiratory system)

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12
Q

What is an organism

A

Living thing

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13
Q

What is a population

A

Group of individuals of the same species interacting together *pocket, can have same species in diff places and it makes them 2 diff pops

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14
Q

Define biological species

A

Members have the potential of reproducing viable and fertile offspring

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15
Q

What is a community

A

Sum of all the populations interacting together, sum of the biotic

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16
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

Community interacting with the abiotic (physical, non living factors like sunlight, precipitation, temp)

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17
Q

What are biomes

A

Large terrestrial ecosystem (temperate deciduous forest)

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18
Q

State the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is not created or destroyed it is transferred

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19
Q

State order of energy transfer within a cell (organism)

A

Sunlight energy —> chloroplast (organelle), chlorophyll traps the sunlight energy —> photosynthesis w/ CO2 + H20 (transforms to glucose) and O2 —> cellular respiration (mitochondrion) —> ATP AND back to CO2 + H2O

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20
Q

State order of energy transfer within ecosystem (food chain)

A

Sunlight energy —> plant (photosynthesis, primary producer, autotroph) —> insect (primary consumer, heterotroph, herbivore) —> rodent (secondary consumer, heterotroph, carnivore) —> snake (heterotroph, tertiary consumer) —> hawk (quaternary consumer, top carnivore)

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21
Q

Define autotroph

A

Self-feeding

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22
Q

Define heterotroph

A

Feeding on others

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23
Q

Describe the energy pyramid and the amount of energy

A

Top carnivores, quaternary consumers, heterotroph
Carnivore, tertiary consumers, heterotroph
Carnivore, secondary consumer, heterotroph
Herbivore, primary consumer, heterotroph
Primary producers, autotroph (photosynthesis)

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24
Q

State the second law of thermodynamics

A

When energy is transferred most is lost to entropy (heat)

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25
Which trophic level has the highest concentration of toxic concentration
Biomagnification is found in the top layer of the pyramid (top carnivores)
26
Which trophic level has the highest amount of stored energy
Bottom layer
27
Which trophic level has the least amount of stored energy
Top level
28
What is a macromolecule
A very large molecule
29
What are monomers
Small molecules with a specific function and structure They have a hydroxyl group (OH) end and hydrogen end (H) Subunits of polymers (lego pieces)
30
What are polymers
Very large macromolecules composed of many monomers | They have a hydroxyl group (OH) end and hydrogen end (H) (clasp of necklace, assembled legos)
31
What are dehydration (condensation) reactions
Add monomers together to eventually form a polymer | Each time a monomer is added a molecule of water is released
32
True or False: A Dehydration reaction is the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction
True
33
What are hydrolysis reactions
Break down polymers to release monomers | Each time a monomer is released a molecule of water is needed
34
Carbs are...
Macromolecules
35
What are monomers called in relation to carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (eg glucose)
36
Describe the glucose monosaccharide
Forms ring in water Product of photosynthesis Blood sugar Fuel for making ATP (cellular energy) using cellular respiration
37
What does adding two monosaccharides produce
Disaccharide via dehydration a glycosidic linkage is formed and a molecule of water is released
38
What are polymers called in relation to carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
39
Name the two types of polysaccharides
Storage polysaccharides (of energy) and structural polysaccharides (building material)
40
Which glucose can we digest
Alpha glucose
41
Which glucose cant we digest
Beta glucose
42
Name the two types of storage polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
43
Name the two types of structural polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitin
44
Describe starch
Composed of many alpha glucose, plants store their energy as starch
45
Describe glycogen
Composed of many alpha glucose, animals store some energy (in liver and skeletal muscles)
46
Describe cellulose
Composed of many beta glucose, cell wall of plant cells | Diet (fibers are not digested)
47
What type of fibers reduce the risk of developing colon cancer
insoluble fibers
48
Describe chitin
Composed of amino sugars, cell wall of fungi (mushrooms), exoskeleton of arthropods (insects)
49
Describe an overview of Carbohydrates
1. Glucose is produced by photosynthesis (1 unit) 2. Plants transport sucrose in phloem (2 units) 3. Plants store starch (many units) 4. Hydrolysis of starch in mouth 5. Hydrolysis in small intestine to release glucose (1 unit) 6. Absorb glucose into blood sugar 7. Store glycogen in liver 8. Cellulose is fibers and are not digested (are eliminating)
50
Are lipids polar molecules
No, lipids are hydrophobic (water fearing, non polar molecules)
51
Name the three types of lipids
Fats and oils Phospholipids Steroids
52
Describe fats and oils
Composed of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains called triacylglycerol or triglyceride Add glycerol + 3 fatty acids --> via dehydration they are linked by ester linkages and form triacylglycerol/triglyceride and release 3 H2O
53
Name two main types of fatty acid chain
Saturated and unsaturated
54
Describe saturated fatty acid chain
Each carbon within chain is saturated with hydrogen Solid at room temp Sources = red meat, animal fat (bacon), tropical oils (palm oil), chocolate
55
Describe unsaturated fatty acid chain
Double bond within the chain of carbon (bent shape) Liquid at room temp Sources = vegetable oil
56
Which type of fatty acid chain is better for your health
Unsaturated
57
Name two types of unsaturated fatty acid chains
Mnounsaturated and polyunsaturated
58
Describe monounsaturated fatty acid chains
One double bond Sources = olive oil and canola oil lowers risk of cardiovascular diseases
59
Describe polyunsaturated fatty acid chains
Many double bonds (has omega 6 and omega 3) Humans need more omega 3 (found in flaxseed and fish) Lowers risk of cardiovascular diseases Lowers blood cholesterol Helps brain integrity
60
True or false: Eating many foods with saturated fats is healthy
False | Saturated fats increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases
61
Describe phospholipids
Composed of a hydrophilic (water loving, polar) head and two hydrophobic tails (2 fatty acid chains)
62
Describe phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic center (tails) Major components of membranes - plasma (cell) membrane - membrane bound organelles (chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus)
63
Describe steroids (cholesterol)
``` NOT a monomer or polymer 4 rings Animals make cholesterol Cholesterol is used for making other steroids - Vitamin D - Sex hormones - testosterone - estradiol (estrogen) ```
64
How are lipoproteins formed
Liver makes cholesterol and receives dietary lipids that are packaged into lipoproteins to transport hydrophobic lipids in blood
65
Name two types of lipoproteins
HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein)
66
Describe HDL
Good cholesterol | Favours elimination of cholesterol via gallbladder and intestine
67
Describe LDL
Bad cholesterol | Increases plaque formation in artery wall and risk of cardiovascular diseases
68
Which type of lipoprotein do we want to have more of
HDL
69
What does amphipathic mean in relation to phospholipids
Two behaviours = hydrophilic and hydrophobic

bio 1 (16 decks)

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