week 1, jan 31st - feb 4th Flashcards
Name the order of organized matter
Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organisms Population Community Ecosystem Biomes
Name the elements living things are composed of
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus (*phosphate group PO4-), sulfur
(CHNOPS)
Name the groups of macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
What are organelles
Structures inside a cell with a specific function (chloroplast, mitochondrion)
What is a cell
Basic unit of life
Define unicellular
Organism composed of one cell (bacteria)
Define colony
Organisms hanging out as a gang (bacteria)
Define multicellular
Organisms composed of many cells (plants, animals)
What are tissues
Group of similar cells (mesophyll tissue does photosynthesis)
What are organs
Structure in a multicellular organism with a specific function composed of different tissues (leaf = organ for photosynthesis, stomach)
What is a system
Group of organs with a similar general function (circulatory system, respiratory system)
What is an organism
Living thing
What is a population
Group of individuals of the same species interacting together *pocket, can have same species in diff places and it makes them 2 diff pops
Define biological species
Members have the potential of reproducing viable and fertile offspring
What is a community
Sum of all the populations interacting together, sum of the biotic
What is an ecosystem
Community interacting with the abiotic (physical, non living factors like sunlight, precipitation, temp)
What are biomes
Large terrestrial ecosystem (temperate deciduous forest)
State the first law of thermodynamics
Energy is not created or destroyed it is transferred
State order of energy transfer within a cell (organism)
Sunlight energy —> chloroplast (organelle), chlorophyll traps the sunlight energy —> photosynthesis w/ CO2 + H20 (transforms to glucose) and O2 —> cellular respiration (mitochondrion) —> ATP AND back to CO2 + H2O
State order of energy transfer within ecosystem (food chain)
Sunlight energy —> plant (photosynthesis, primary producer, autotroph) —> insect (primary consumer, heterotroph, herbivore) —> rodent (secondary consumer, heterotroph, carnivore) —> snake (heterotroph, tertiary consumer) —> hawk (quaternary consumer, top carnivore)
Define autotroph
Self-feeding
Define heterotroph
Feeding on others
Describe the energy pyramid and the amount of energy
Top carnivores, quaternary consumers, heterotroph
Carnivore, tertiary consumers, heterotroph
Carnivore, secondary consumer, heterotroph
Herbivore, primary consumer, heterotroph
Primary producers, autotroph (photosynthesis)
State the second law of thermodynamics
When energy is transferred most is lost to entropy (heat)
Which trophic level has the highest concentration of toxic concentration
Biomagnification is found in the top layer of the pyramid (top carnivores)
Which trophic level has the highest amount of stored energy
Bottom layer
Which trophic level has the least amount of stored energy
Top level
What is a macromolecule
A very large molecule
What are monomers
Small molecules with a specific function and structure
They have a hydroxyl group (OH) end and hydrogen end (H)
Subunits of polymers (lego pieces)
What are polymers
Very large macromolecules composed of many monomers
They have a hydroxyl group (OH) end and hydrogen end (H) (clasp of necklace, assembled legos)
What are dehydration (condensation) reactions
Add monomers together to eventually form a polymer
Each time a monomer is added a molecule of water is released
True or False: A Dehydration reaction is the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction
True
What are hydrolysis reactions
Break down polymers to release monomers
Each time a monomer is released a molecule of water is needed
Carbs are…
Macromolecules
What are monomers called in relation to carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (eg glucose)
Describe the glucose monosaccharide
Forms ring in water
Product of photosynthesis
Blood sugar
Fuel for making ATP (cellular energy) using cellular respiration
What does adding two monosaccharides produce
Disaccharide via dehydration a glycosidic linkage is formed and a molecule of water is released
What are polymers called in relation to carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Name the two types of polysaccharides
Storage polysaccharides (of energy) and structural polysaccharides (building material)
Which glucose can we digest
Alpha glucose
Which glucose cant we digest
Beta glucose
Name the two types of storage polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
Name the two types of structural polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitin
Describe starch
Composed of many alpha glucose, plants store their energy as starch
Describe glycogen
Composed of many alpha glucose, animals store some energy (in liver and skeletal muscles)
Describe cellulose
Composed of many beta glucose, cell wall of plant cells
Diet (fibers are not digested)
What type of fibers reduce the risk of developing colon cancer
insoluble fibers
Describe chitin
Composed of amino sugars, cell wall of fungi (mushrooms), exoskeleton of arthropods (insects)
Describe an overview of Carbohydrates
- Glucose is produced by photosynthesis (1 unit)
- Plants transport sucrose in phloem (2 units)
- Plants store starch (many units)
- Hydrolysis of starch in mouth
- Hydrolysis in small intestine to release glucose (1 unit)
- Absorb glucose into blood sugar
- Store glycogen in liver
- Cellulose is fibers and are not digested (are eliminating)
Are lipids polar molecules
No, lipids are hydrophobic (water fearing, non polar molecules)
Name the three types of lipids
Fats and oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
Describe fats and oils
Composed of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains called triacylglycerol or triglyceride
Add glycerol + 3 fatty acids –> via dehydration they are linked by ester linkages and form triacylglycerol/triglyceride and release 3 H2O
Name two main types of fatty acid chain
Saturated and unsaturated
Describe saturated fatty acid chain
Each carbon within chain is saturated with hydrogen
Solid at room temp
Sources = red meat, animal fat (bacon), tropical oils (palm oil), chocolate
Describe unsaturated fatty acid chain
Double bond within the chain of carbon (bent shape)
Liquid at room temp
Sources = vegetable oil
Which type of fatty acid chain is better for your health
Unsaturated
Name two types of unsaturated fatty acid chains
Mnounsaturated and polyunsaturated
Describe monounsaturated fatty acid chains
One double bond
Sources = olive oil and canola oil
lowers risk of cardiovascular diseases
Describe polyunsaturated fatty acid chains
Many double bonds (has omega 6 and omega 3)
Humans need more omega 3 (found in flaxseed and fish)
Lowers risk of cardiovascular diseases
Lowers blood cholesterol
Helps brain integrity
True or false: Eating many foods with saturated fats is healthy
False
Saturated fats increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Describe phospholipids
Composed of a hydrophilic (water loving, polar) head and two hydrophobic tails (2 fatty acid chains)
Describe phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic center (tails)
Major components of membranes
- plasma (cell) membrane
- membrane bound organelles (chloroplast,
mitochondria, nucleus)
Describe steroids (cholesterol)
NOT a monomer or polymer
4 rings
Animals make cholesterol
Cholesterol is used for making other steroids
- Vitamin D
- Sex hormones
- testosterone
- estradiol (estrogen)How are lipoproteins formed
Liver makes cholesterol and receives dietary lipids that are packaged into lipoproteins to transport hydrophobic lipids in blood
Name two types of lipoproteins
HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein)
Describe HDL
Good cholesterol
Favours elimination of cholesterol via gallbladder and intestine
Describe LDL
Bad cholesterol
Increases plaque formation in artery wall and risk of cardiovascular diseases
Which type of lipoprotein do we want to have more of
HDL
What does amphipathic mean in relation to phospholipids
Two behaviours = hydrophilic and hydrophobic
