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bio lab 4 week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What does phylum chordata include

A

Invertebrates (amphioxus) and vertebrates

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2
Q

What are chordates characterized by

A 
The presence of 
Notochord (a supporting rod)
Hollow dorsal nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits 
Post-anal tail during at least one stage in their life cycle
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3
Q

Name animals in phylum echinodermata

A

Starfish (sea stars)
Sea urchins
Sea cucumbers
Sea lilies

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4
Q

Describe symmetry of echinoderms

A

Adults have radial symmetry
Immature larvae has bilateral symmetry
Indicates that ancestors of echinoderms had bilateral symmetry

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5
Q

How are echinoderms related to chordates

A

Striking similarities in embryological development (deuterostome)

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6
Q

Describe skeleton of echinoderms

A

Internal skeleton consisting of numerous calcareous plates embedded in body wall
Plates have bumps or spines which protrude from the surface of the animal

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7
Q

Describe unique water vascular system of echinoderms

A

Used for locomotion and grabbing food items
Echinoderm can hold onto a surface by applying suction with tube feet of its water vascular system
It can open the shell of a clam to get at the animal inside

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8
Q

List and describe external anatomy of a star fish (6)

A

Rays = arms with a light receptor at the tip
Mouth = located in the center of the oral side (underside)
Aboral side = side opposite the mouth
Madreporite = small stony plate that is the entrance to the water vascular system
Dermal gills = finger-like sacs used for gas exchange
Tube feet = found in the ambulacral groove on the oral side

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9
Q

Describe phylum porifera

A

Sponges live in shallow warm sea water
Mainly asymmetric body symmetry, some have radial body symmetry
No tissues or organs

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10
Q

What are sponges made up of

A

Made up of several different types of cells living together with a common skeleton composed of crystalline spicules or proteinaceous fibres or both

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11
Q

Describe 3 layers of body of sponge

A

Outer layer of flattened epidermal cells
Middle gelatinous layer with amoeboid cells (secrete the skeleton)
Inner layer of flagellated cells called choanocytes (collar cells)

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12
Q

What does flagella do in sponges

A

Flagella create a water current that carries food particles through pores of the sponge (filter feeding)

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13
Q

Describe intracellular digestion of sponges

A

Food particles are phagocytosed by choanocytes and amoeboid cells

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14
Q

Describe the tissues evolved in phylum cnidaria

A

Ectoderm = epidermis
Endoderm = gastrodermis
Mesoglea = gelatinous layer sandwiched between the 2 layers
Cnidaria are diploblastic

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15
Q

Name types of cells found in cnidaria

A

Nerve cells arranged in a nerve net
Gland cells
Cells that contract
Stinging cells called cnidocytes

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16
Q

What are cnidocytes

A

Cnidocytes are specialized epidermal cells on tentacles of cnidarians
Have small barbs or threads that carry an irritating and stinging chemical coiled into a capsule called a nematocysts
(Nematocysts discharge the threads in response to a chemical stimulus or touch
Used to sting and capture prey)

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17
Q

What do cnidarians have

A 
Radial body symmetry 
Gastrovascular cavity (1 opening, 2 way)
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18
Q

Name the two forms of cnidaria

A

Polyp

Medusa

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19
Q

Do all cnidarians exhibit only one form their whole lives

A

Some only exhibit one body type their whole life cycle

Some can alternate between forms = polymorphism

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20
Q

Name organisms phylum cnidaria contains

A

Hydroids
Jellyfishes
Sea anemones
Corals

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21
Q

Describe hydra (phylum cnidaria)

A

Freshwater hydroid that only exhibits one body form throughout its life cycle

22
Q

Describe obelia (phylum cnidaria)

A

Either reproductive polyps (produce medusas asexually, medusas reproduce sexually) or feeding polyps (obtain food)

23
Q

Describe phylum platyhelminthes

A

Bilateral symmetry
Acoelomate
Triploblastic (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Cephalization (sensory organs concentrated in head region)
Have gastrovascular cavity (EXCEPT tapeworms)

24
Q

What do flatworms have

A

Some flatworms have primitive nervous and muscular system

Well developed reproductive systems

25
Describe 3 groups of phylum platyhelminthes
Planarians which are free-living Flukes are parasitic Tapeworms are parasitic
26
Describe planaria (phylum platyhelminthes)
Free living not parasitic, have eye spots, highly branched gastrovascular cavity and pharynx
27
Describe flukes (phylum platyhelminthes)
Parasitic flatworms that live in the digestive system of the host, have muscular suckers used to attach to the host and reproductive organs (takes up most of the body)
28
Describe tapeworms (phylum platyhelminthes)
Ribbon like parasitic worms that live in digestive tract of host Scolex = head segment that has suckers and hooks to attach to the host Proglottids: rest of the segments that contain a complete set of reproductive organs. The eggs of one segment are fertilized by the sperm from the segment before it
29
Describe phylum nematoda
Triploblastic Pseudocoelom = body cavity is not completely derived from mesoderm Complete digestive tract (2 openings, 1 way, mouth to anus) Tube within a tube body plan
30
What are annelids (phylum annelida)
Worms that have bodies which are divided into many segments Segments are separated from each other by transverse partitions (septa) Segments are similar to one another internally and externally Tube within a tube body plan Coelom
31
Describe circulatory system of annelids
Closed circulatory system with 5 pairs of hearts | Hearts are enlarged portions of the dorsal vessel that contract to pump blood throughout body of the worm
32
Describe gas exchange for annelids
Occurs across the body surface
33
Name 3 groups of phylum annelida
Leeches (freshwater) Earthworms (soil) Sandworms (marine)
34
Describe earthworms (phylum annelida)
Have a clitellum and a segmentation of the body
35
Describe leeches (phylum annelida)
Have suckers used to suck blood and a segmentation of the body
36
Describe sandworms (phylum annelida)
Have fleshy extensions called parapodia along the sides of the tapeworm’s body (used as external gills for gas exchange and movement)
37
Describe phylum mollusca
Second largest phylum in animal kingdom Mainly marine molluscs but terrestrial and freshwater forms also exist Bilateral symmetry
38
Describe body plan of molluscs
Muscular ventral foot Fleshy dorsal visceral mass that contains digestive tract, heart, excretory system and other internal organs Mantle that usually secretes a protective shell
39
Name 3 major groups of phylum mollusca
Snails Bivalves = clams and oysters Cephalopods = squids and octopuses
40
Describe circulatory system of molluscs
Molluscs have an open circulatory system EXCEPT CEPHALOPODS which have a closed circulatory system
41
Describe clams (phylum mollusca)
Filter feeders = take in water and filter it, small organisms get trapped in the mucus of the gills
42
Describe squids and octopuses (phylum mollusca)
Very well developed nervous system, reduced internal shell and a closed circulatory system
43
Describe phylum arthropoda
Exoskeleton = hard, jointed external skeleton Used for protection and as an attachment point for muscles Paired appendages that are also jointed attach to the exoskeleton
44
Name the 3 regions body is divided into for phylum arthropoda
Head Thorax Abdomen In some cases these divisions are modified = head and thorax fuse to form a cephalothorax
45
Name 11 major groups of phylum arthropoda
``` Insects Spiders Scorpions Ticks Mites Centipedes Millipedes Crayfish Lobsters Crabs Shrimps ```
46
What do insects circulatory system have
Dorsal heart and an open circulatory system Pumps hemolymph through the vessels into the hemocoel Body movements bring hemolymph back to heart
47
Describe gas exchange of arthropods
Uses respiratory devices Spiracles/tracheal system = insects, millipedes, cnet pieds Feathery gills = crayfish Book lungs = spiders and scorpions
48
Describe crayfish (phylum arthropoda)
Have chelipeds, walking legs, swimmerets, uropods and telson Sex of speicmen = in males the first 2 pairs of swimmerets are stiffened and project forwards as they help transfer sperm during mating
49
Describe grasshoppers (phylum arthropoda)
Have spiracles along the side of the abdomen Spiracles are small openings to the tracheal system, a branched network of tubes that carry oxygen to all the cells in the body
50
Describe overview of the life of a honey bee
Anatomy and tasks change throughout its life Average life span = 38 days during summer or longer in overwintering bees Born blind... **SEE NOTES**

bio 1 (16 decks)

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