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bio 1 > bio lab 4 week 11 > Flashcards

bio lab 4 week 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does phylum chordata include

A

Invertebrates (amphioxus) and vertebrates

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2
Q

What are chordates characterized by

A 
The presence of 
Notochord (a supporting rod)
Hollow dorsal nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits 
Post-anal tail during at least one stage in their life cycle
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3
Q

Name animals in phylum echinodermata

A

Starfish (sea stars)
Sea urchins
Sea cucumbers
Sea lilies

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4
Q

Describe symmetry of echinoderms

A

Adults have radial symmetry
Immature larvae has bilateral symmetry
Indicates that ancestors of echinoderms had bilateral symmetry

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5
Q

How are echinoderms related to chordates

A

Striking similarities in embryological development (deuterostome)

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6
Q

Describe skeleton of echinoderms

A

Internal skeleton consisting of numerous calcareous plates embedded in body wall
Plates have bumps or spines which protrude from the surface of the animal

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7
Q

Describe unique water vascular system of echinoderms

A

Used for locomotion and grabbing food items
Echinoderm can hold onto a surface by applying suction with tube feet of its water vascular system
It can open the shell of a clam to get at the animal inside

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8
Q

List and describe external anatomy of a star fish (6)

A

Rays = arms with a light receptor at the tip
Mouth = located in the center of the oral side (underside)
Aboral side = side opposite the mouth
Madreporite = small stony plate that is the entrance to the water vascular system
Dermal gills = finger-like sacs used for gas exchange
Tube feet = found in the ambulacral groove on the oral side

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9
Q

Describe phylum porifera

A

Sponges live in shallow warm sea water
Mainly asymmetric body symmetry, some have radial body symmetry
No tissues or organs

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10
Q

What are sponges made up of

A

Made up of several different types of cells living together with a common skeleton composed of crystalline spicules or proteinaceous fibres or both

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11
Q

Describe 3 layers of body of sponge

A

Outer layer of flattened epidermal cells
Middle gelatinous layer with amoeboid cells (secrete the skeleton)
Inner layer of flagellated cells called choanocytes (collar cells)

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12
Q

What does flagella do in sponges

A

Flagella create a water current that carries food particles through pores of the sponge (filter feeding)

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13
Q

Describe intracellular digestion of sponges

A

Food particles are phagocytosed by choanocytes and amoeboid cells

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14
Q

Describe the tissues evolved in phylum cnidaria

A

Ectoderm = epidermis
Endoderm = gastrodermis
Mesoglea = gelatinous layer sandwiched between the 2 layers
Cnidaria are diploblastic

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15
Q

Name types of cells found in cnidaria

A

Nerve cells arranged in a nerve net
Gland cells
Cells that contract
Stinging cells called cnidocytes

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16
Q

What are cnidocytes

A

Cnidocytes are specialized epidermal cells on tentacles of cnidarians
Have small barbs or threads that carry an irritating and stinging chemical coiled into a capsule called a nematocysts
(Nematocysts discharge the threads in response to a chemical stimulus or touch
Used to sting and capture prey)

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17
Q

What do cnidarians have

A 
Radial body symmetry 
Gastrovascular cavity (1 opening, 2 way)
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18
Q

Name the two forms of cnidaria

A

Polyp

Medusa

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19
Q

Do all cnidarians exhibit only one form their whole lives

A

Some only exhibit one body type their whole life cycle

Some can alternate between forms = polymorphism

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20
Q

Name organisms phylum cnidaria contains

A

Hydroids
Jellyfishes
Sea anemones
Corals

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21
Q

Describe hydra (phylum cnidaria)

A

Freshwater hydroid that only exhibits one body form throughout its life cycle

22
Q

Describe obelia (phylum cnidaria)

A

Either reproductive polyps (produce medusas asexually, medusas reproduce sexually) or feeding polyps (obtain food)

23
Q

Describe phylum platyhelminthes

A

Bilateral symmetry
Acoelomate
Triploblastic (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Cephalization (sensory organs concentrated in head region)
Have gastrovascular cavity (EXCEPT tapeworms)

24
Q

What do flatworms have

A

Some flatworms have primitive nervous and muscular system

Well developed reproductive systems

25
Q

Describe 3 groups of phylum platyhelminthes

A

Planarians which are free-living
Flukes are parasitic
Tapeworms are parasitic

26
Q

Describe planaria (phylum platyhelminthes)

A

Free living not parasitic, have eye spots, highly branched gastrovascular cavity and pharynx

27
Q

Describe flukes (phylum platyhelminthes)

A

Parasitic flatworms that live in the digestive system of the host, have muscular suckers used to attach to the host and reproductive organs (takes up most of the body)

28
Q

Describe tapeworms (phylum platyhelminthes)

A

Ribbon like parasitic worms that live in digestive tract of host
Scolex = head segment that has suckers and hooks to attach to the host
Proglottids: rest of the segments that contain a complete set of reproductive organs. The eggs of one segment are fertilized by the sperm from the segment before it

29
Q

Describe phylum nematoda

A

Triploblastic
Pseudocoelom = body cavity is not completely derived from mesoderm
Complete digestive tract (2 openings, 1 way, mouth to anus)
Tube within a tube body plan

30
Q

What are annelids (phylum annelida)

A

Worms that have bodies which are divided into many segments
Segments are separated from each other by transverse partitions (septa)
Segments are similar to one another internally and externally
Tube within a tube body plan
Coelom

31
Q

Describe circulatory system of annelids

A

Closed circulatory system with 5 pairs of hearts

Hearts are enlarged portions of the dorsal vessel that contract to pump blood throughout body of the worm

32
Q

Describe gas exchange for annelids

A

Occurs across the body surface

33
Q

Name 3 groups of phylum annelida

A

Leeches (freshwater)
Earthworms (soil)
Sandworms (marine)

34
Q

Describe earthworms (phylum annelida)

A

Have a clitellum and a segmentation of the body

35
Q

Describe leeches (phylum annelida)

A

Have suckers used to suck blood and a segmentation of the body

36
Q

Describe sandworms (phylum annelida)

A

Have fleshy extensions called parapodia along the sides of the tapeworm’s body (used as external gills for gas exchange and movement)

37
Q

Describe phylum mollusca

A

Second largest phylum in animal kingdom
Mainly marine molluscs but terrestrial and freshwater forms also exist
Bilateral symmetry

38
Q

Describe body plan of molluscs

A

Muscular ventral foot
Fleshy dorsal visceral mass that contains digestive tract, heart, excretory system and other internal organs
Mantle that usually secretes a protective shell

39
Q

Name 3 major groups of phylum mollusca

A

Snails
Bivalves = clams and oysters
Cephalopods = squids and octopuses

40
Q

Describe circulatory system of molluscs

A

Molluscs have an open circulatory system EXCEPT CEPHALOPODS which have a closed circulatory system

41
Q

Describe clams (phylum mollusca)

A

Filter feeders = take in water and filter it, small organisms get trapped in the mucus of the gills

42
Q

Describe squids and octopuses (phylum mollusca)

A

Very well developed nervous system, reduced internal shell and a closed circulatory system

43
Q

Describe phylum arthropoda

A

Exoskeleton = hard, jointed external skeleton
Used for protection and as an attachment point for muscles
Paired appendages that are also jointed attach to the exoskeleton

44
Q

Name the 3 regions body is divided into for phylum arthropoda

A

Head
Thorax
Abdomen

In some cases these divisions are modified = head and thorax fuse to form a cephalothorax

45
Q

Name 11 major groups of phylum arthropoda

A 
Insects 
Spiders 
Scorpions 
Ticks 
Mites
Centipedes 
Millipedes 
Crayfish 
Lobsters 
Crabs 
Shrimps
46
Q

What do insects circulatory system have

A

Dorsal heart and an open circulatory system
Pumps hemolymph through the vessels into the hemocoel
Body movements bring hemolymph back to heart

47
Q

Describe gas exchange of arthropods

A

Uses respiratory devices
Spiracles/tracheal system = insects, millipedes, cnet pieds
Feathery gills = crayfish
Book lungs = spiders and scorpions

48
Q

Describe crayfish (phylum arthropoda)

A

Have chelipeds, walking legs, swimmerets, uropods and telson
Sex of speicmen = in males the first 2 pairs of swimmerets are stiffened and project forwards as they help transfer sperm during mating

49
Q

Describe grasshoppers (phylum arthropoda)

A

Have spiracles along the side of the abdomen
Spiracles are small openings to the tracheal system, a branched network of tubes that carry oxygen to all the cells in the body

50
Q

Describe overview of the life of a honey bee

A

Anatomy and tasks change throughout its life
Average life span = 38 days during summer or longer in overwintering bees
Born blind…
SEE NOTES

bio 1 (16 decks)

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