week 7 Flashcards by katie jackson

Functions of the Vertebral Column

support upper body weight
protect spinal cord andnerves
allow trunk movement

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Regions of vertebral column

Cervical-7 vertebrae
Thoracic-12 vertebrae
Lumbar-5 vertebrae
Sacral-5 fused vertebrae
Coccygeal-4 fused vertebrae

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Regions/Bones of the vertebral column

Vertebral body
weight bearing
movement

Vertebral arch
protection
movement

Vertebral foramen/canal
passageway

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Site of exit of the spinal nerves

Bounded by:
IV disc in front
bone of the pedicle above and below
Z joints behind

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joints of the vertebral column

interbody joint- the intervertebral disc
- modified fibrocartilage joint
components:
cartilage end plate
annulus fibrosis
nucleus pulposus

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structure of the IV disc

annulus fibrosis
- altering layers of dense regular connective tissue

nuscclus pulposus
- toothpaste like consistency

end plate
cartilage disc

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Cartilage end plate functions

transmits weight to adjacent vertebral body
confines nucleuspulposusand annulus fibrosis
role in securing nutrition for disc

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annulus fibrosis functions

retain the nucleuspulposus
allow and limit movement

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Nucleuspulposus functions

shock absorber–rapidly applied loads are temporarily diverted into bracing the annulusfibrosis
force distributor

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Interbody joints characteristics

thickest in lumbar region
thinnest in upper thoracic region

-Avascular
Only supplied with nerves at their periphery
Contribute 25% of length of vertebral column

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Lumbar

annulus fibrosis consists of alternatinglayers oriented 65º-70º to vertical
thicker anteriorly

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Cervical

nucleuspulposusvery small and hasdisappeared by early adult life
annulus fibrosis develops horizontalfissures beginning in adolescence

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Interbody joints functions

determine movement
contribute to normal vertebral curvature

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Normal curvature of vertebral column

Functions to increase the shock absorbingfunction of the vertebral column
Thoracic/sacral regions =kyphotic(primary/structural) curve
Cervical/lumbar regions =lordotic(secondary/functional) curve

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Z joint classification

synovial,multiaxial, plane

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z joint articular suface

superior and inferiorarticularfacets

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z joint articular capsule

loose but reinforced by:
ligamentum flavum
multifidus

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z joint functions

to determine the direction of vertebral column movement
to determine the range of vertebral column movement
to bear weight (67% in cervical region, 15% in lumbar region)

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cervical Vertebral column movements

Cervical region (C 3-7)
superiorarticularfacets tipped forward from the coronal plane
conjunct rotation-ipsilateralcoupling with lateral flexion
large range of flexion/extension -> intervertebral disc degeneration (fissuresin annulus fibrosis)

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Vertebral column movements

Determined by “articulartriad”
interbodyjoint andzygapophysealjoints of eachvertebral level (segment)
flexion/extension
right and left lateral flexion
right and left rotation
Segmental range of movement small but total range large

Thoracic region Vertebral column movements

Thoracic region
superiorarticularfacets close to the coronal plane
equal range movements in all directions
all movements limited in range due to ribs

Lumbar region Vertebral column movements

“J-shaped” superiorarticularfacets in upper lumbar region (coronal andsagittalsections)
very, very limited rotation-sagittalportion
protection for intervertebral disc-coronal portion

Anterior longitudinal ligament

extends from C1 to sacrum attaching to anteriorsurfaces of vertebral bodies and discs
broad, strong
uter fibres span 3-4 segments, inner fibres span1 segment

limits extension

Posterior longitudinal ligament

extends from C2 to sacrum attaching toposterior surfaces of margins of vertebralbodies and discs
separated from vertebral bodies by venousplexus
weak and narrow in lumbar area

limits flexion

Ligamentum flavum

contains a significant amount of elastic tissue connectslaminaeof adjacent vertebrae passes from the posterior surface of the lamina of onevertebra to the anterior surface of the lamina of thevertebra above attach to anterior part of capsule z joints function to: “brake” flexion protect neural tissue

Supraspinous ligament

connects apices ofspinousprocesses fromC7 to sacrum may be absent in low lumbar area expands asligamentumnuchaeover cervicalarea limits flexion

Interspinous ligament

connectspinousprocesses of adjacentvertebrae limits flexion

Intertransverse ligament

connect transverse processes of adjacentvertebrae limits lateral flexion

Atlas (C1)

No body – has two lateral masses united by two arches * Features: 1. Anterior arch with anterior tubercle 2. Posterior arch with posterior tubercle 3. Transverse processes with transverse foramina 4. Superior articular facets 5. Inferior articular facets 6. Facet for dens (odontoid process)

Axis (C2)

1. Body 2. Spinous process 3. Transverse processes with transverse foramina 4. Superior articular facets 5. Inferior articular facets 6. Dens (odontoid process)

Craniovertebral joints

Involve occipital condyles, C1 and C2 * Include: * Atlanto-occipital joints * Atlanto-axial joints * 1x median * 2x lateral

Atlanto-occipital joints classification

synovial, biaxial, ellipsoid (often considered a single joint)

* Articular surfaces: Atlanto-occipital joints

Superior articular facets of C1 * Occipital condyles of skull

* Articular capsules: Atlanto-occipital joints

thin and loose

Atlanto-occipital joints * Movements (of head):

Flexion and extension * Lateral flexion and rotation – coupled contralaterally

Atlanto-occipital joints – ligaments

anterior from anterior arch of C1 to anterior margin of foramen magnum posterior from posterior arch of C1 to posterior margin of foramen magnum * Limit Flexion and extension * Lateral flexion and rotation – coupled contralaterally

median atlanto-axial joint classification

Classification: synovial, uniaxial, pivot

lateral atlanto-axial joints. Classification

synovial, multiaxial, plane (zygapophyseal joints)

median Atlanto-axial joints Articular surfaces:

Facet for dens on anterior arch of C1 * Dens of C2 * Transverse ligament of atlas

lateral Atlanto-axial joints Articular surfaces:

Inferior articular facets of C1 * Superior articular facets of C2

* Transverse ligament of atlas

Spans between two lateral masses of C1 * Wraps posteriorly around the dens of C2 to hold it in place against the anterior arch of C1 * Limits anterior glide of C1 during flexion * Has two longitudinal bands extending from it * Superior: to anterior margin of foramen magnum * Inferior: to posterior surface of body of C2

* Apical ligament of dens

* From tip of dens to anterior margin of foramen magnum * Anterior to superior longitudinal band of cruciform ligament

* Alar ligaments

From tip of dens to medial sides of occipital condyles * Function: limit flexion, lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of the head

* Tectorial membrane

Superior continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament – from posterior surface of body of C2 to anterior margin of foramen magnum * Posterior to cruciform ligament and alar ligaments * Function: limits flexion of the head

Anterior and posterior atlanto-axial membranes

Anterior: from anterior arch of C1 to anterior surface of body of C2 * Posterior: from posterior arch of C1 to vertebral arch of C2

Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)

Not a “true” ligament of the neck * Fibroelastic septum in the midline of the posterior neck * From spinous process of C7 to occipital bone * Superior continuation/expansion of supraspinous ligament

Uncovertebral joints (joints of Luschka) classification

synovial

Uncovertebral joints (joints of Luschka) * Articular surfaces:

Lateral aspect of inferior surface of vertebral body above * Uncinate process of vertebra below

how do Uncovertebral joints (joints of Luschka) develop and what movements allow

* Develop as annulus fibrosus of IVDs degenerate * Large range of movement