week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Parallel muscles fibre orientation
A
Larger range of movement BUT with less force/power
2
Q
sliding filament theory.
A
actin (thin) & myosin (thick) filaments slide over one another
3
Q
Oblique muscles
A
Less range of movement BUT more force/power
4
Q
Strap
A
Long & flat parallel muscle
5
Q
Fusiform
A
the classic shape of parallel muscle
6
Q
Triangular/convergent
A
Broad origin & narrow insertion
7
Q
Flat/quadrilateral
A
Fibres in same axis as tendon
8
Q
Unipennate
A
Fibres attach to one side of tendon only
9
Q
Bipennate
A
Fibres attach to both sides of
central septum & tendon
10
Q
Multipennate
A
Group of several bipennate ‘units’
11
Q
Muscle characteristics
A
- Excitability: Respond to a stimulus
- Contractility: Can shorten & generate force
- Extensibility: Can be stretched
- Elasticity: Can return to original length
12
Q
Muscle types
A
- Smooth: Non-striated & Involuntary
- Cardiac: Striated ( verticle stripped) & Involuntary
- Skeletal: Striated & Voluntary
13
Q
Muscle fibre/ cell is encased in tissue called
A
endomysium
14
Q
collectrion of muscle fibres is called
A
Fascile
15
Q
Entire muscle itself is encased in a tissue called
A
empimysium
16
Q
fibre
A
Long cylindrical muscle cell / Multi-nucleated
17
Q
Tendon sheaths
A
surround tendons as they pass through tunnels or over other structures to reduce friction and contain small amts of synovial foots. Common at distal ends of limbs
18
Q
fleshy
A
Muscle fibres attach directly to bone with small amount of connective tissue
Eg deltoid
19
Q
Tendon
A
Muscle fibres attach to a cord of connective tissue that then attaches to bone
Eg bicep
20
Q
Raphe
A
Muscle fibres attach to a sheet of connective tissue that then attaches to bone
Eg abdoninal wall
21
Q
Fibre direction when crossing a joint matters horizontal/ vertical
A
Horizontal or oblique fibres produce rotation movements
Vertical fibres produce angular movements
22
Q
anterior movement/ action
A
movement- anteriorly directed
action- flexion
23
Q
posterior movement/ action
A
movement posteriorly directed
action- extension
24
Q
medial movement/ action
A
movement- medially directed
action- adduction
25
lateral movement/ action
movement- laterally directed
action- abduction
26
muscles in the same area can..
act on 2 or more joints
have same nerve supply
blood supply
lymphatic drainage
27
Action
what joint is moved and name of movement
28
Function
what is the use of the muscle in daily life
29
What is functional anatomy
Functional anatomy is taking the knowledge of the body structures that we learn and applying it to live, moving bodies.
30
isometric contraction
under tension the muscle length does not change
31
concentric contraction
muscle length shortens under tension
32
eccentric contraction
muscle length lengthens under tension
33
Agonist
Muscle producing the desired movement by contracting
34
Antagonist
Muscle which must relax (i.e. not contracting) to allow the desired movement to occur
35
stabiliser
Stabilises a body segment so that another muscle can perform an action
36
fixator/ synergist
is a stabiliser that acts to eliminate the unwanted movement of an agonist's origin
37
neutraliser
Assists the agonist to produce the desired movement by cancelling the unwanted action of the agonist
38
other forces
- Gravity
- Sometimes momentum
39
Length-Tension relationship
Direct relationship between the tension a muscle fibre can produce and the length of the sarcomeres in that muscle fibre
40
Passive insufficiency
Maximum passive length is insufficient to allow full range of movement at both joints simultaneously best desc as a stretch
41
Active insufficiency:
Maximum length change insufficient to produce full range of movement at both joints simultaneously best desc as a cramp
42
first class lever
centeral axis w forces on one side and resistance on the other eg seesaw
43
second class lever
force on one end and the axis on the other end eg wheel barrow/ calf raise
resistance is in bw
44
third class lever
resistance on one end and axis on the other. the force is in between
eg bicep curl
45
list how the factors increase stability of the hip
Ligaments- ligamentaraes/ iliofemoral/ ischiofemoral/ pubofemoeral/ transverse- restrict unwanted movments
Joint capsule- keep it in place
acetabulum labrum- cartilage rim that deepens the socket
line of pull of the muscles- when contract it oulls bones closer together
angle of inculation- increase contact area of the surface
articular fit- good congruence
`
46
what muscles in the hip produce extension
Gluteus max
Hamstring group- semmimembrounous/ semitendornous/ bicep femoris
Adductor magnus- posterior fibres
47
what muscles in the hip produce lateral rotation
Glute max, piriformis, superior gememuls, obturator externus, inferior gemeus quadrate femoris, obturator externus
pegogoq
48
what muscles in the hip produce medial rotation
Glute med & min, tensor fasica lata
49
what muscles in the hip produce flexion
pasos major, illiacis, tensor fata lasa, rectus femoris satoris, pectineus
50
what muscles in the hip produce adduction
Gracilius, adductor magnus- ONLY medial part , adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectinuis
51
what muscles in the hip produce abduction
Glute med &min, tensor fasita lata,
52
Synergist
Assist the agonist to produce the desires movment by cancelling the unwanted movment if the agonist
53
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
54
parasagittal plane
divides the body into uneven left and right sides
55
frontal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior
56
transverse plane
divides into superior and inferior
57
anterior
front
58
posterior
back
59
superior
towards head
60
inferior
towards tail
61
cephalic
towards the head
62
caudal
towards the tail
63
ventral
under side
64
dorsal
upper side
65
medial
towards the midline
66
lateral
away from the midline
67
proximal
towards point of attachment
68
distal
away from point of attachment
69
superficial
towards the skin
70
deep
away from the skin
71
ipsilateral
occurring on the same side of the body
72
contralateral
occurs on opposite side of the body
73
prone
laying on front
74
supine
laying on back
75
lateral recumbent
laying on the side
76
region of the head
chin to top of head
77
region of the neck
chin to top of shoulders
78
region of the arm
shoulder to elbow
79
region of the forearm
elbow of the wrist
80
region of the hand
wrist to fingers
81
region of the thigh
hip to knee
82
region of the leg
knee to ankle
83
region of the foot
ankles to toes
84
what are the functions of the skeletal system
- structural framework of the body
- protects vital internal organs
- assists in movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell protection
- triglyceride storage
85
structure of bone tissue
25% water, 25% collagen, 50% crystallised mineralised (calcium phosphate)
86
axial division of the skeletal system
head, spine,
87
appendicular division of the skeletal system
upper and lower limbs
88
what are the types of bones
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
89
what are projections that are bumps for muscle attachment
trochanter, tuerocity, tubercle
90
what are projections that's a flat bridge of bone
ramus
91
what are projections that are raised crests for muscle attachments
line, ridge, spine, crest
92
if a muscle crosses 2 bones
it will produce 2 different actions of the bones
93
gluteus max- proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of ilium posterior to
posterior gluteal
line
* posterior iliac
crest
* posterior sacrum
* sacrotuberous
ligament
distal attachment-
* iliotibial tract
* gluteal tuberosity
of the femur
actions-
hip extension
hip lateral rotation
nerve supply-
inferior gluteal nerve
L5, S1, S2
94
gluteus medius- proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of the ilium
between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines
distal attachments-
* greater trochanter of the
femur
action-
hip abduction
medial rotation of hip (anterior fibres)
nerve supply-
superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5 & S1
95
gluteus minius- proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of the ilium
between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines
distal attachments-
* greater trochanter of the
femur
action-
hip abduction
medial rotation of hip (anterior fibres)
nerve supply-
superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5 & S1
96
psoas major proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
bodies and adjacent
transverse processes L
distal attachments-
lesser trochanter of the femur
action-
hip flexion
nerve supply-
anterior rami
L1, L2, L3 & L4
97
iliacus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
upper and posterior two
thirds of the iliac fossa
distal attachments-
lesser trochanter of the femur
action-
hip flexor
nerve supply-
femoral nerve
L2, L3
98
Tensor fascia lata proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
* anterior part of iliac crest, and
adjacent gluteal
surface
* anterior superior
iliac spine
distal attachments-
* lateral condyle of the tibia via the
iliotibial band
action-
hip flexion
hip abduction
hip medial rotation
nerve supply-
superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5
99
Piriformis proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
* anterior aspects of the 2nd to 4th
sacral segments
* sacrotuberous
ligament
distal attachments-
* medial side of the greater
trochanter of the femur
actions-
lateral rotation of hip
nerve supply-
anterior rami of sacaralplexis
L5, S1
100
Superior gemellus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of the ischial spine
distal attachments-
medial surface of the greater
trochanter via the tendon of obturator internus
actions-
hip lateral rotation
nerve supply-
nerve of obturator interns
L5, S1, S2
101
Obturator internus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
internal surface of the obturator
membrane and adjacent bone
distal attachment-
medial surface of the greater
trochanter of the femur
actions-
hip lateral rotation
nerve supply-
nerve of obturator interns
(L5, S1, S2)
102
Inferior gemellus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
upper part of the ischial tuberosity
distal attachments-
medial surface of the greater
trochanter via the tendon of obturator internus
action-
lateral rotation of hip
nerve supply-
quadrate femoris nerve
L4, L5, S1
103
Quadratus femoris proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
ischial tuberosity
distal attachments-
quadrate tubercle of the
femur
action-
hip lateral rotation
nerve supply-
quadrate femoris nerve
104
Obturator externus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
outer surface of the obturator
membrane and adjacent bone
distal attachments-
trochanteric fossa of the
femur
actions-
hip lateral rotation
nerve supply-
posterior branch of obturator nerve
105
Gracilis proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
anterior body of the pubis
inferior ramus of the pubis
distal attachments-
medial surface of the upper part of
the shaft of the tibia
action-
hip adduction
knee flexion
nerve supply-
anterior division of the obturator nerve
L2 L3
106
Pectineus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
superior ramus of the pubis
distal attachments-
pectineal line of the femur
actions-
adduction of the hip
flexion of the hip
nerve supply-
femoral nerve
L2, L3
107
Adductor magnus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
ischiopubic ramus extending
to the inferior part of the ischial tuberosity
distal attachments-
* upper part of the medial lip of the
linea aspera of the femur to the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur
* adductor tubercle of the
femur
actions-
hip extension of the posterior fibres
hip adductions
nerve supply-
posterior division of obturator nerve
tibia division of sciatic nerve
108
Adductor longus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
anterior aspect of the body of the pubis (between
the pubic crest and the symphysis)
distal attachments-
middle two quarters of the
medial lip of the linea aspera
actions-
hip adductions
nerve supply-
anterior division of obturator nerve
109
Adductor brevis proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply
proximal attachments-
* anterolateral body of the pubis
* inferior ramus of the pubis
distal attachments-
* proximal half of the medial lip of the linea aspera
actions-
hip adduction
nerve supply-
anterior division of obturator nerve
110
what are the stabilisers of the hip
PGOGOQ
piriformis
superior gemellus
obturator externes
inferior gemellus
obturator interns
quadrate femoris
