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anatomy > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parallel muscles fibre orientation

A

Larger range of movement BUT with less force/power

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2
Q

sliding filament theory.

A

actin (thin) & myosin (thick) filaments slide over one another

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3
Q

Oblique muscles

A

Less range of movement BUT more force/power

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4
Q

Strap

A

Long & flat parallel muscle

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5
Q

Fusiform

A

the classic shape of parallel muscle

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6
Q

Triangular/convergent

A

Broad origin & narrow insertion

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7
Q

Flat/quadrilateral

A

Fibres in same axis as tendon

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8
Q

Unipennate

A

Fibres attach to one side of tendon only

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9
Q

Bipennate

A

Fibres attach to both sides of
central septum & tendon

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10
Q

Multipennate

A

Group of several bipennate ‘units’

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11
Q

Muscle characteristics

A
  • Excitability: Respond to a stimulus
  • Contractility: Can shorten & generate force
  • Extensibility: Can be stretched
  • Elasticity: Can return to original length
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12
Q

Muscle types

A
  • Smooth: Non-striated & Involuntary
  • Cardiac: Striated ( verticle stripped) & Involuntary
  • Skeletal: Striated & Voluntary
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13
Q

Muscle fibre/ cell is encased in tissue called

A

endomysium

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14
Q

collectrion of muscle fibres is called

A

Fascile

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15
Q

Entire muscle itself is encased in a tissue called

A

empimysium

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16
Q

fibre

A

Long cylindrical muscle cell / Multi-nucleated

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17
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

surround tendons as they pass through tunnels or over other structures to reduce friction and contain small amts of synovial foots. Common at distal ends of limbs

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18
Q

fleshy

A

Muscle fibres attach directly to bone with small amount of connective tissue
Eg deltoid

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19
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle fibres attach to a cord of connective tissue that then attaches to bone
Eg bicep

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20
Q

Raphe

A

Muscle fibres attach to a sheet of connective tissue that then attaches to bone
Eg abdoninal wall

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21
Q

Fibre direction when crossing a joint matters horizontal/ vertical

A

Horizontal or oblique fibres produce rotation movements
Vertical fibres produce angular movements

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22
Q

anterior movement/ action

A

movement- anteriorly directed
action- flexion

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23
Q

posterior movement/ action

A

movement posteriorly directed
action- extension

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24
Q

medial movement/ action

A

movement- medially directed
action- adduction

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25
Q

lateral movement/ action

A

movement- laterally directed
action- abduction

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26
Q

muscles in the same area can..

A

act on 2 or more joints
have same nerve supply
blood supply
lymphatic drainage

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27
Q

Action

A

what joint is moved and name of movement

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28
Q

Function

A

what is the use of the muscle in daily life

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29
Q

What is functional anatomy

A

Functional anatomy is taking the knowledge of the body structures that we learn and applying it to live, moving bodies.

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30
Q

isometric contraction

A

under tension the muscle length does not change

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31
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle length shortens under tension

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32
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle length lengthens under tension

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33
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle producing the desired movement by contracting

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34
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle which must relax (i.e. not contracting) to allow the desired movement to occur

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35
Q

stabiliser

A

Stabilises a body segment so that another muscle can perform an action

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36
Q

fixator/ synergist

A

is a stabiliser that acts to eliminate the unwanted movement of an agonist’s origin

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37
Q

neutraliser

A

Assists the agonist to produce the desired movement by cancelling the unwanted action of the agonist

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38
Q

other forces

A
  • Gravity
  • Sometimes momentum
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39
Q

Length-Tension relationship

A

Direct relationship between the tension a muscle fibre can produce and the length of the sarcomeres in that muscle fibre

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40
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

Maximum passive length is insufficient to allow full range of movement at both joints simultaneously best desc as a stretch

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41
Q

Active insufficiency:

A

Maximum length change insufficient to produce full range of movement at both joints simultaneously best desc as a cramp

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42
Q

first class lever

A

centeral axis w forces on one side and resistance on the other eg seesaw

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43
Q

second class lever

A

force on one end and the axis on the other end eg wheel barrow/ calf raise
resistance is in bw

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44
Q

third class lever

A

resistance on one end and axis on the other. the force is in between
eg bicep curl

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45
Q

list how the factors increase stability of the hip

A

Ligaments- ligamentaraes/ iliofemoral/ ischiofemoral/ pubofemoeral/ transverse- restrict unwanted movments
Joint capsule- keep it in place
acetabulum labrum- cartilage rim that deepens the socket
line of pull of the muscles- when contract it oulls bones closer together
angle of inculation- increase contact area of the surface
articular fit- good congruence
`

46
Q

what muscles in the hip produce extension

A

Gluteus max
Hamstring group- semmimembrounous/ semitendornous/ bicep femoris
Adductor magnus- posterior fibres

47
Q

what muscles in the hip produce lateral rotation

A

Glute max, piriformis, superior gememuls, obturator externus, inferior gemeus quadrate femoris, obturator externus

pegogoq

48
Q

what muscles in the hip produce medial rotation

A

Glute med & min, tensor fasica lata

49
Q

what muscles in the hip produce flexion

A

pasos major, illiacis, tensor fata lasa, rectus femoris satoris, pectineus

50
Q

what muscles in the hip produce adduction

A

Gracilius, adductor magnus- ONLY medial part , adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectinuis

51
Q

what muscles in the hip produce abduction

A

Glute med &min, tensor fasita lata,

52
Q

Synergist

A

Assist the agonist to produce the desires movment by cancelling the unwanted movment if the agonist

53
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right

54
Q

parasagittal plane

A

divides the body into uneven left and right sides

55
Q

frontal plane

A

divides body into anterior and posterior

56
Q

transverse plane

A

divides into superior and inferior

57
Q

anterior

58
Q

posterior

59
Q

superior

A

towards head

60
Q

inferior

A

towards tail

61
Q

cephalic

A

towards the head

62
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail

63
Q

ventral

A

under side

64
Q

dorsal

A

upper side

65
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

66
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

67
Q

proximal

A

towards point of attachment

68
Q

distal

A

away from point of attachment

69
Q

superficial

A

towards the skin

70
Q

deep

A

away from the skin

71
Q

ipsilateral

A

occurring on the same side of the body

72
Q

contralateral

A

occurs on opposite side of the body

73
Q

prone

A

laying on front

74
Q

supine

A

laying on back

75
Q

lateral recumbent

A

laying on the side

76
Q

region of the head

A

chin to top of head

77
Q

region of the neck

A

chin to top of shoulders

78
Q

region of the arm

A

shoulder to elbow

79
Q

region of the forearm

A

elbow of the wrist

80
Q

region of the hand

A

wrist to fingers

81
Q

region of the thigh

A

hip to knee

82
Q

region of the leg

A

knee to ankle

83
Q

region of the foot

A

ankles to toes

84
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system

A
  • structural framework of the body
  • protects vital internal organs
  • assists in movement
  • mineral homeostasis
  • blood cell protection
  • triglyceride storage
85
Q

structure of bone tissue

A

25% water, 25% collagen, 50% crystallised mineralised (calcium phosphate)

86
Q

axial division of the skeletal system

A

head, spine,

87
Q

appendicular division of the skeletal system

A

upper and lower limbs

88
Q

what are the types of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

89
Q

what are projections that are bumps for muscle attachment

A

trochanter, tuerocity, tubercle

90
Q

what are projections that’s a flat bridge of bone

91
Q

what are projections that are raised crests for muscle attachments

A

line, ridge, spine, crest

92
Q

if a muscle crosses 2 bones

A

it will produce 2 different actions of the bones

93
Q

gluteus max- proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of ilium posterior to
posterior gluteal
line
* posterior iliac
crest
* posterior sacrum
* sacrotuberous
ligament

distal attachment-
* iliotibial tract
* gluteal tuberosity
of the femur

actions-
hip extension
hip lateral rotation

nerve supply-
inferior gluteal nerve
L5, S1, S2

94
Q

gluteus medius- proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of the ilium
between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines

distal attachments-
* greater trochanter of the
femur

action-
hip abduction
medial rotation of hip (anterior fibres)

nerve supply-
superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5 & S1

95
Q

gluteus minius- proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of the ilium
between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines

distal attachments-
* greater trochanter of the
femur

action-
hip abduction
medial rotation of hip (anterior fibres)

nerve supply-
superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5 & S1

96
Q

psoas major proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
bodies and adjacent
transverse processes L

distal attachments-
lesser trochanter of the femur

action-
hip flexion

nerve supply-
anterior rami
L1, L2, L3 & L4

97
Q

iliacus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
upper and posterior two
thirds of the iliac fossa

distal attachments-
lesser trochanter of the femur

action-
hip flexor

nerve supply-
femoral nerve
L2, L3

98
Q

Tensor fascia lata proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
* anterior part of iliac crest, and
adjacent gluteal
surface
* anterior superior
iliac spine

distal attachments-
* lateral condyle of the tibia via the
iliotibial band

action-
hip flexion
hip abduction
hip medial rotation

nerve supply-
superior gluteal nerve
L4, L5

99
Q

Piriformis proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
* anterior aspects of the 2nd to 4th
sacral segments
* sacrotuberous
ligament

distal attachments-
* medial side of the greater
trochanter of the femur

actions-
lateral rotation of hip

nerve supply-
anterior rami of sacaralplexis
L5, S1

100
Q

Superior gemellus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
gluteal surface of the ischial spine

distal attachments-
medial surface of the greater
trochanter via the tendon of obturator internus

actions-
hip lateral rotation

nerve supply-
nerve of obturator interns
L5, S1, S2

101
Q

Obturator internus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
internal surface of the obturator
membrane and adjacent bone

distal attachment-
medial surface of the greater
trochanter of the femur

actions-
hip lateral rotation

nerve supply-
nerve of obturator interns
(L5, S1, S2)

102
Q

Inferior gemellus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
upper part of the ischial tuberosity

distal attachments-
medial surface of the greater
trochanter via the tendon of obturator internus

action-
lateral rotation of hip

nerve supply-
quadrate femoris nerve
L4, L5, S1

103
Q

Quadratus femoris proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
ischial tuberosity

distal attachments-
quadrate tubercle of the
femur

action-
hip lateral rotation

nerve supply-
quadrate femoris nerve

104
Q

Obturator externus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
outer surface of the obturator
membrane and adjacent bone

distal attachments-
trochanteric fossa of the
femur

actions-
hip lateral rotation

nerve supply-
posterior branch of obturator nerve

105
Q

Gracilis proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
anterior body of the pubis
inferior ramus of the pubis

distal attachments-
medial surface of the upper part of
the shaft of the tibia

action-
hip adduction
knee flexion

nerve supply-
anterior division of the obturator nerve
L2 L3

106
Q

Pectineus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
superior ramus of the pubis

distal attachments-
pectineal line of the femur

actions-
adduction of the hip
flexion of the hip

nerve supply-
femoral nerve
L2, L3

107
Q

Adductor magnus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
ischiopubic ramus extending
to the inferior part of the ischial tuberosity

distal attachments-
* upper part of the medial lip of the
linea aspera of the femur to the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur
* adductor tubercle of the
femur

actions-
hip extension of the posterior fibres
hip adductions

nerve supply-
posterior division of obturator nerve
tibia division of sciatic nerve

108
Q

Adductor longus proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
anterior aspect of the body of the pubis (between
the pubic crest and the symphysis)

distal attachments-
middle two quarters of the
medial lip of the linea aspera

actions-
hip adductions

nerve supply-
anterior division of obturator nerve

109
Q

Adductor brevis proximal attachments/ distal attachments/ actions & nerve supply

A

proximal attachments-
* anterolateral body of the pubis
* inferior ramus of the pubis

distal attachments-
* proximal half of the medial lip of the linea aspera

actions-
hip adduction

nerve supply-
anterior division of obturator nerve

110
Q

what are the stabilisers of the hip

A

PGOGOQ
piriformis
superior gemellus
obturator externes
inferior gemellus
obturator interns
quadrate femoris

anatomy (24 decks)

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