Week 6: Antimicrobial resistance

Question 1

Case 1

Question 2

Question

Question 3

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 3

• Intrinsic resistance
• Transfer of genetic material encoding for resistance

Question 4

What is intrinsic resistance

Answer 4

Innate ability of bacterial species to resist activity of drug

Question 5

What mechanisms of resistance can be in Genetic material coding for resistance

4 listed

Answer 5

• Alteration of target antibiotic
• Enzymatic degradation of antibiotic
• Changes in cell wall permeability
• Production of efflux pumps

Question 6

Case 2

Answer 6

Question 7

Question

Question 8

Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 8

Question 9

What is Transformation?

Answer 9

• Transformation involves uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria

Question 10

What is Transduction?

Answer 10

Transfuction involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages

Question 11

What is Conjugation?

Answer 11

Conjugation involves transfer of DNA material via sexual pilus and requires cell-to-cell contact

Question 12

Case 3

Question 13

Question

Question 14

VRE AKA

Answer 14

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

Question 15

VSE AKA

Answer 15

Vancomycin-Susceptible Enterococci

Question 16

Describe the mechanism of vancomycin susceptible enterococci

Answer 16

Question 17

Describe the mechanism of vancomycin-resistant enterococci

Answer 17

Question 18

Case 4

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the MIC

Question 20

Case 5

Question 21

Question

Question 22

Case 6

Question 23

Question

Question 24

Question

Question 25

Case 7

Question 26

Question

Question 27

Case 8

Question 28

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Question 29

Case 9

Question 30

Question

Question 31

Explain how drug resistance arises

Answer 31

Question 32

Why and when to order Genotype testing of HIV

Answer 32

Question 33

Question

Question 34

Causes of HIV resistance to ARVs 6 listed

Answer 34

Question 35

How to prevent HIV Resistance to ARVs

Answer 35

Question 36

Case 10

Answer 36

Question 37

Question

Question 38

Mycobacterial Resistance mechanisms

Answer 38

* Naturally occurring mutations can confer resistance * On drug-therapy, drug-susceptible organisms are killed **selecting** for drug-resistant mutants

Question 39

When should Mycobacterial Resistance be considered in patients

Answer 39

* Who remain culture positive after 2-4 months of treatment * Patients who have previously been treated for TB * Contacts of patients with drug-resistant TB * Patients born in countries or who reside in setting where drug-resistant TB is prevalent

Question 40

Treatment principles for Active TB

Answer 40

Question 41

Case 11

Question 42

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Question 43

Case 12

Answer 43

Question 44

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Question 45

Case 13

Question 46

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Question 47

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Question 48

Case 14

Answer 48

Question 49

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