Week 1: Host-pathogen interactions Flashcards
Question
Question
Question
Question
Innate immunity effectors
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Granulocytes
- Antimicrobial peptides
Adaptive immunity effectors
- B cells
- CD4+ T cells
- CD8+ T cells
- Antibodies
Innate immunity Response/Specificity
- Relatively non-specific
- Recognition of broadly conserved microbial antigens or their effects
Adaptive immunity specificity
- Specific
- Recognition of microbial peptides in context of MHC I (CD8+ T cells), MHC II (CD4+ T cells) or sepcific antigens (antibodies/B cells
Innate immunity Response time
Constitutive and/or rapid (hours to days)
Adaptive immunity Response time
Delayed (days to weeks)
Innate immunity Memory
*Usually* no memory
Adaptive immunity memory
*Usually* has memory
What protects us from pathogens?
Physical barriers
- skin
- mucous membranes
pH
Iron hoarding
Innate immune response
Acquired immunity (adaptive)
beneficial bacteria and their products
Abnormal physiology that can increase risk of infection
- Vesicoureteral reflux
- Auto-splenectomy
- Atopic dermatitis
Vesicoureteral reflux role in increased risk of infection
increased risk of pyelonephritis
Auto-splenectomy role in increased risk of infection
- Splenic necrosis induced by sickle cell anemia, SLE
- Prone to infections by encapsulated organisms (ie Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae)
Atopic dermatitis role in increased risk of infection
Increased risk of skin infections (Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes, HSV)
How does the innate immune system protect us from pathogens?
- response is early or constitutive and non-specific
- Essential for immune cells to go to the site of infection
How does the acquired immune system protect us from pathogens?
Delayed because cells and products need to be made - but high specificity and MEMORY! (usually)
Describe the role/mechanisms of normal flora in protecting us from pathogens
- Occupy space
- Angry neighbors
- Assist in host function
- Immunomodulation
Describe the mechanisms of COST of normal flora in protecting us from pathogens
- Opportunistic pathogens
- Staph infections
- Dental caries
- Gastritis
- Sepsis
- Nutrient competition
- Can be passed on to susceptible individuals
What are the components of the microbiome
- Bacteriome
- Virome
- Mycobiome
Adaptive immune cells
- CD4+ T cells
- CD8+ T cells
- B cells
Basic function of CD4+ T cells
- Direct immune responses
- required for CD8+ T cell memory and Ig class switching
Basic function of CD8+ T cells
Kill infected cells
Basic function of B cells
- Make antibody
- M-A-D-G-E
Basic function of macrophages
big cells that eat things and present antigen
Basic function of monocytes
Like pre-macrophages in the blood
Basic function of granulocytes
- Eosinophils - (cause allergies and kill worms)
- Basophils - (allergies, worms, cytokines)
- Neutrophils - (eat bacteria, then die and make pus)
Basic function of Dendritic cells
- Great at antigen presentation and cytokine production
Basic function of NK cells
- Kill infected cells and cancer cells
- Produce cytokines
Basic function of cytokines and chemokines
Modulate immune responses
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
4 listed
- IL-6
- TNF-α
- IFN-γ
- IL-17
Anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
IL-10
Cytokines that inhibit intracellular pathogen replication
- IFN-α
- IFN-β
Basic functions of cytokines and chemokines
- Modulate immune response
- pro-inflammatory
- anti-inflammatory
- inhibit intracellular pathogen replication
- Recruit immune cells
- Activate immune cells
Describe the mechanisms of innate recognition of pathogens
- Recognition of pathogen products (PAMPS-Pathogen Associated Molecular patternS) by host (PRR-Pathogen Recognition Receptors)
What are PAMPS?
Recognition of pathogen products (PAMPS-Pathogen Associated Molecular patternS)
- Pathogen surface proteins
- Pathogen-specific nucleic acid structures
What are PRRs?
(PRRs-Pathogen Recognition Receptors)
- Host receptors (membrane or cytoplasmic)
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), NOD-like receptors, RIG-I like receptors (RLRs)
What is the response of innate recognition of pathogens (PAMPS recognized by PRRs)
- Induce cytokine/chemokine responses to recruit immune cells, limit pathogen replication and modulate the overall immune response
What are the major types of pathogens?
- Pathogens that require intracellular infection
- Pathogens that remain extracellular and can be phagocytosed
- Pathogens that are extracellular but are so large they evade phagocytosis
What are some Intracellular only pathogens?
- Viruses
- intracellular bacteria
- some fungi
Responses for Intracellular-only pathogens?
- Th1 responses predominate
- IFN-γ
- CD8+ T cells
- IgG antibody subtypes
What are some examples of extracellular pathogens that are susceptible to phagocytosis?
- extracellular bacteria
- some fungi