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Infectious Disease > Week 2: Basics of virology > Flashcards

Week 2: Basics of virology Flashcards

1
Q

How are viruses replicated in the lab?

A

Cell culture

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2
Q

What are viruses classified as?

A

Obligate intracellular organisms

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3
Q

Lytic vs pathogenic

A

lysis= Cell death and release of the virus

latent = limited viral synthesis but no cell death

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4
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Protein shell

released from cell by lysis and capsids are environmentally stable

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5
Q

What is a naked virus?

A

Virus that only contains a capsid

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6
Q

Viruses that contain an envelope

A

have a host cell membrane around the capsid and are more environmentally labile

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7
Q

Viral membrane glycopeptides

A

helpful for strain identification and are targets for neutralizing Antibodies

Also, act in viral attaching for tropism

Determine virulence and host tropism

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8
Q

Describe a viral infection by steps

A
  1. Recognize cell for which it has tropism
  2. Attachment
  3. Penetration
  4. Uncoating
  5. Transcription
  6. Protein synthesis
  7. Replication
  8. Assembly
  9. Lysis & release (cell-to-cell release/movement across tight junctions for local spread)
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9
Q

Stages of viral infection replication

A
  • Primary replication
  • Systemic spread
  • Secondary replication
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10
Q

Stages of viral infection

A
  • Prodrome - before symptoms
  • Disease
  • Convalescence (period of getting better)
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11
Q

describe the immune reaction to viruses

A

Acute infection - after week 1 controlled by IgM

Chronic infection - cell-mediated immunity

Vaccinations for prevention

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12
Q

Describe the innate immune response to viruses

A
  • Macrophages recognize viral RNA
  • Release antiviral cytokines (INF-α, β which interfere with viral replication and increase expression of MHC-1)
  • NK cells kill viral infected cells
  • Complement enhances phagocytosis
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13
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response to viruses

A

Humoral

  • Neutralization of viruses (how vaccines work)
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • Complement activation

Cell-mediated

  • CD8 kill viral-infected cells via MHC-1
  • CD4 Th1 activate phagocytes, promote B cell & CTL responses
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14
Q

How to diagnose a viral infection

A
  • Virus cell culture
  • Antigen detection (ie EIA, DFA)
  • Molecular diagnosis (ie PCR)
  • Serology (IgM, IgG)
  • Electron microscopy
  • Histology (eg CMV inclusion bodies)
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15
Q

Antivirals considerations

A

Consider the 9 stages of a viral infection upon where to attack the virus

  1. Recognize cell for which it has tropism
  2. Attachment
  3. Penetration
  4. Uncoating
  5. Transcription
  6. Protein synthesis (INF; ribaviron)
  7. Replication (nucleoside analogues)
  8. Assembly (protease inhibitors)
  9. Lysis & release (neuraminidase inhibitors)
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16
Q

Antivirals that act at the uncoating stage?

A
  • Amantidine
  • Rimantidine
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17
Q

Uncoating stage antivirals moa

A
  • Bind to M2 protein of influenza A
  • Most influenza A are now resistant to amantidine & Rimantidine
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18
Q

Amantidine Class

A

Uncoating stage antivirals

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19
Q

Rimantidine class

A

Uncoating stage antivirals

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20
Q

Uncoating stage antivirals side effects

A

Anticholinergic side effects

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21
Q

ADE AKA

A

Adverse Drug Event

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22
Q

Antivirals acting at the transcription and/or protein synthesis stage

A
  • Ribaviron
  • Interferon
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23
Q

Antivirals acting at transcription and/or protein synthesis stage MOA

A

Ribaviron: Blocks RNA polymerase

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24
Q

Antivirals acting at transcription and/or protein synthesis stage used for

A

Interferon rarely used but ribaviron still used for the treatment of HCV

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25
Q

Antivirals that are nucleoside analogues

5 listed

A
  • (Val)acyclovir
  • Famciclovir
  • (Val)ganciclovir
  • Foscarnet
  • Cidofovir
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26
Q

(Val) prefix

A

oral form

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27
Q

(Val)Acyclovir MOA

A

Viral thymadine kinase phosphorylates acyclovir (1st time; host then does times 2&3) so can actively inhibit viral DNA synthesis HSV, VZV,

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28
Q

(Val)Acyclovir ADE

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • alteration or absent/deficient TK or altered viral DNA polymerase
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29
Q

Famciclovir MOA

A

prodrug of penciclovir

HSV

VZV

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30
Q

Famciclovir ADE

A
  • alteration or absent/deficient TK or altered viral DNA polymerase
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31
Q

(Val)ganciclovir MOA

A

Phosphorylated by viral TK in HSV and viral phosphotransferase (encoded by UL97) by CMV

drug of choice for CMV

also active against HSV, VZV

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32
Q

(Val)ganciclovir ADE

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • mutation of UL97 or viral DNA polymerase
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33
Q

Foscarnet MOA

A

does not require phosphorylation like ganciclovir-R

CMV

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34
Q

Foscarnet ADE

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • bone marrow suppression
  • low K/Mg
  • altered viral DNA polymerase
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35
Q

Cidofovir MOA

A

fully phosphorylated by host enzumes so independent of TK

acyclovir-R HSV

ganciclovir-R CMV

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36
Q

Cidofovir ADE

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • renal tubular acidosis
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37
Q

Antiviral that act at the assembly stage MOA

A

Protease inhibitors

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38
Q

Antiviral that act at the assembly stage clinical use

A

Used for treatment of HIV & chronic HCV

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39
Q

Antivirals that act at the lysis & release stage

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors:

  • Oseltamivir
  • Zanamivir
40
Q

Antivirals that act at the lysis & release stage MOA

A

Inhibit release of Influenza A&B

41
Q

Antivirals that act at the lysis & release stage ADE

A

Zanamivir can cause bronchospasm

42
Q

Zanamivir dose type

A

inhalation

43
Q

Types of DNA viruses

A

Naked & Enveloped

44
Q

Types of RNA viruses

3 listed

A
  • single-stranded negative-sense (all enveloped)
  • Double-stranded segmented (all naked)
  • Single-stranded positive-sense (some naked and some enveloped)
45
Q

DNA viruses rules

A
  • All DNA viruses are double-stranded (Except Parvo Virus)
  • Transcription occurs in the nucleus (except Poxviruses where replication occurs in the cytoplasm)
  • All contain DNA polymerase (except Parvo, Papilloma, polyoma viruses)
46
Q

Parvo virus type

A

Single-stranded naked DNA virus

47
Q

Poxvirus replication occurs where

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm

48
Q

Caveats of Parvo virus

A
  • single-stranded DNA virus
  • Don’t contain DNA polymerase
49
Q

DNA viruses that do not contain DNA polymerase

A
  • Parvo Virus
  • Papilloma Virus
  • Polyoma Virus
50
Q

Naked DNA viruses

A

4 families

  • Parvovirus B-19
  • Adenovirus
  • Papillomavirus HPV
  • Polyoma Virus (JC, BK)
51
Q

Parvovirus B-19 type

A

Single-stranded linear naked DNA virus

52
Q

Parvovirus B-19 Dx

A
  • PCR
  • IgM
  • IgG
53
Q

Adenovirus type

A

DS linear Naked DNA Virus

54
Q

Adenovirus Dx

A

NP DFA/PCR

55
Q

Papillomavirus HPV virus type

A

DS circular Naked DNA

56
Q

Papillomavirus HPV Dx

57
Q

Polyoma virus type

A

DS circular Naked DNA virus

58
Q

Polyomavirus Dx

59
Q

JC virus type

A

polyoma virus

60
Q

BK virus type

A

polyoma virus

61
Q

Hepadnavirus type

Hepatitis B virus

A

DS circular enveloped DNA virus

Vaccine preventable

62
Q

Poxviridae virus type

A

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

63
Q

Examples of Poxviridae viruses

A
  • Molluscum contagiosum
  • Smallpox
64
Q

Herpesviridae virus examples

A
  • HSV 1
  • HSV 2
  • VZV
  • EBV
  • CMV
  • HHV6
  • HHV7
  • HHV8
65
Q

Herpesviridae virus types

A

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

Latent

66
Q

Herpesviridae virus Dx

A

DFA

PCR

IgM > Cx

67
Q

Herpesviridae virus Tx

A

Nucleoside inhibitors

68
Q

HSV1 viruse type

A

Herpesviridae

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

69
Q

HSV 2 virus type

A

Herpesviridae

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

70
Q

VZV virus type

A

Herpesviridae

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

71
Q

EBV virus type

A
  • Herpesviridae
  • DS linear enveloped DNA virus
72
Q

CMV virus type

A

Herpesviridae

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

73
Q

HHV6 virus type

A

Herpesviridae

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

74
Q

HHV7 virus type

A

Herpesviridae

DS linear enveloped DNA virus

75
Q

HHV8 virus type

A
  • Herpesviridae
  • DS linear enveloped DNA virus
76
Q

Features of SS negative-sense RNA viruses

A

Require RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

All are enveloped

77
Q

Categories of SS negative-sense RNA viruses

A
  • Filoviridae
  • Bunyaviridae
  • Rhabdoviridae
  • Orthomyxoviridae
  • Paromyxovirdae
78
Q

Filoviridae examples

79
Q

Bunyaviridae examples

A

Hanta virus

80
Q

Rhabdoviridae examples

81
Q

Orthomyxoviridae examples

A
  • Influenza A
  • Influenza B
82
Q

Paromyxoviridae examples

A
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • parainfluenzae
  • RSV
  • Human metapneumovirus
83
Q

Paromyxoviridae Dx

A

Measles, Mumps

  • Dx: IgM

parainfluenzae, RSV, Human metapneumovirus

  • Dx: NP swab, BAL
84
Q

Orthomyxoviridae Dx

A

NP swab

BAL for DFA or PCR

85
Q

Orthomyxoviridae Tx

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

86
Q

Features of SS positive-sense RNA

A

Act as mRNA

Bind to ribosome for direct protein synthesis

Either naked or enveloped

87
Q

Classes of enveloped SS positive-sense RNA viruses

A
  • Togaviridae
  • Flaviviridae
  • Coronaviridae
  • Retroviridae
89
Q

Togaviridae examples

A

Rubella

Alphaviruses

Eastern equine enceph

Western equine enceph

Chikungunya

90
Q

Flaviviridae examples

A

WNV

St. Louis encephalitis

Yellow fever

Dengue

Hep C Virus

91
Q

Flaviviridae Dx

A
  • Serology
  • PCR
92
Q

Coronaviridae examples

A

SARS

MERS-CoV

93
Q

Retroviridae contain

A

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

94
Q

Retroviridae examples

A

HIV

HTLV-1

95
Q

Retroviridae Dx

A

HIV

Dx: Ab

HTLV-1

Dx: ?

96
Q

Retroviridae Tx

A

HIV

Tx: HAART

HTLV

Tx: ?

Infectious Disease (82 decks)

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