Other gram negatives Flashcards

Question

Nongonococcal urethritis treatment

Answer 1

* want to treat for chlamydia and gonorrhea * Chlamydia * Azithromycin/doxycycline * Gonorrhea * Ceftriaxone

Answer 2

* infection from passage through the birth canal * conjunctivitis * similar to gonorrhea * Pneumonia * 4-12 weeks old * classic feature is "Staccato cough" * Inspiration between each single cough * often have history of conjunctivitis

Answer 3

* Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) * PCR of chlamydia DNA/RNA * Gold standard * Culture and staining * no longer routinely done * Giemsa stain * Chlamydial inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of epithelial cells

Answer 4

* Autoimmune arthritis * triggered by infection (Chlamydia, but also intestinal infections (salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, C. difficile)) * Classic triad (Reiter's Syndrome) * arthritis (often unilateral, lower extremities, knees, toes) * Conjunctivitis (red eye, discharge) * Urethritis (dysuria, frequency-noninfectious) * Diagnosis * classic features following typical infection * Treatment * NSAIDs

Answer 5

* Chlamydia infection that enters the lymphatics (different serotypes from those that cause urethritis) * sexually transmitted * Initially: genital ulcer (sometimes unnoticed, resolves) * Later: Tender inguinal or femoral lymph nodes * Treatment: * Drainage * Abx (azithromycin/doxycycline)

Answer 6

* Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (unique serotypes) * Mostly in Africa and other developing parts of the world * Highly contagious * spread by contact with eye secretions * acutely causes conjunctivitis * Repeated infections -\> corneal scarring -\> blindness * Leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide

Answer 7

* Trachoma, blindness Africa

Answer 8

* Urethritis * PID * neonatal pneumonia * neonatal conjunctivitis

Answer 9

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Answer 10

* C jejuni * C. coli

Answer 11

* faint gram negative spiral, curved rod (comma shaped) * oxidase positive * Microaerophilic * requires oxygen but lives best with low O2 levels

Answer 12

* very common cause of acute diarrhea in children * a leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide * Fecal-oral transmission * lives in animal intestines, especially poultry * undercooked meat especially poultry * unpasteurized milk * can also contaminate drinking water * common trigger of Guillain-Barre * demyelinating disease * Ascending weakness

Answer 13

* toxin-mediated disease * toxin carried by bacteriophage (lysogenic) * permanently activates Gs -\> increase cAMP * Voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea * requires large dose of bacteria for infection * stomach acid kills bugs * common in areas that lack clean water * also can occur on acid suppression drugs (lower req'd dose) * death from dehydration, electrolyte losses, shock * Treatment: aggressive volume repletion

Answer 14

* Both cause food poisoning (diarrhea) * raw oysters * V. vulnificus can infect wounds after swimming in contaminated water

Answer 15

* Gneg colonizes nasopharynx * causes several respiratory diseases, meningitis * some have polysaccharide capsule and some dont * capsular are typeable into 6 serotypes (a to f) * others are nontypeable * Most disease is caused by serotype B * capsule consists of ribosyl and ribitol phosphate polymer * Vaccine contains type B capsule (Hib) * conjugated to a carrier protein (often tetanus toxoid) * stronger T-cell response * given before 7 months

Answer 16

* Produces IgA protease * Grows on chocolate agar * Factors V (NAD) and X (hematin) present * will also grow with Staph aureus on blood agar

Answer 17

* Epiglottitis in children * Pneumonia * Meningitis * Otitis media * Bronchitis * Conjunctivitis

Answer 18

* life-threatening illness caused by H. flu (airway obstruction * unvaccinated children with fever and sore throat * Dysphagia, drooling * epiglottis will appear "cherry red"

Answer 19

* more commonly caused by strep pneumoniae but H. flu can also cause this * Otitis media * Bronchitis * Conjunctivitis

Answer 20

* causes chancroid * painful genital ulcer * contrast with Chancre (syphilis): non painful * sexually transmitted * Tx * Azithromycin/Ceftriaxone

Answer 21

* Syphilis * painless chancre * H. ducreyi * Painful chancroid * Herpes * Multiple vesicles/ulcers * Lymphogranuloma venereum * large swollen lymph nodes (buboes)

Answer 22

* Vaccination available so not common anymore * Causes whooping cough * URI with severe coughing * classic presentations * Paroxysms of coughing * Inspiratory "whoop" * Post-cough vomiting * Exhaustion from coughing * coughing fits last weeks * Known as the 100-day cough

Answer 23

* Transmitted by aerosolized droplets * Pertussis toxin * Shown to inhibit Gi proteins * Allows over-activation of adenylate cyclase * increase cAMP levels in cells in neutrophils * result: impaired recruitment of neutrophils * Toxin may not be the cause of cough * some species without toxin also cause symptoms

Answer 24

* acellular pertussis vaccines used * contain purified pertussis antigens

Answer 25

* found in domesticated animals (dogs) and pigs * Often transmitted through contaminated pork * Also from contaminated water or milk * Fever * Abdominal pain * Nausea * vomiting * Bloody diarrhea * can cause inflammation around appendix or in mesenteric lymph nodes (**mesenteric adenitis**) * may mimic Crohns or appendicitis * dont confuse with Yersinia pestis (plague)