Week 6 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Memory?
A
Involved in:
- Encoding
- Retaining
- Retrieving
- Using information about
- Images
- events
- ideas
- skills
after the information is no longer present
Memory is active any time the past impacts how we think or behave
2
Q
The Modal Model of Memory
A
- Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968
- There are three memory types
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
3
Q
Sensory Memory
A
- First stage of memory
- Holds all information perceived for just seconds
4
Q
Short Term Memory
A
Holds 5-7 items for about 15-20 seconds
5
Q
Long-term Memory
A
Holds large amount of information for years or even decades
6
Q
Baddeley’s Working Memory Model
A
- Phonological Loop - Verbal and Auditory Information
- Central Executive
- Visuospatial Sketchpad - Visual Spatial Information
7
Q
A
Baddeley’s Working Memory Model
8
Q
A
- Encoding Specificity
- People remember information if retrieved in same context that it was encoded
9
Q
A
People remember better if they create an image of what they have to remember
10
Q
A
- Reconsolidation
- Nader
- Anisomycin blocks memory of shock/tone pairing
- Works best when injection and pairing happen together
11
Q
Everyday Memory
A
- Memory is malleable and experiments like Nader/Anisomycin demonstrate
- We usually think we remember things exactly how they happened
12
Q
Autobiographical Memory
A
- Memory of specific experiences in our life
- Can be semantic and episodic
- Are Multidimensional - Has multiple components
- Different memories have different strength of recall
13
Q
Multidimensional Autobiographical Memory
A
- Contains many components - Visual, auditory and other senses
- Also has spatial components
- Involves thoughts and emotions
14
Q
Loss of Autobiographical Memory
A
- Greenberg & Rubin 2003
- People who have damage to visual cortex areas of brain can experience loss of AB Memory
15
Q
Cabeza et al 2004
A
- Compared brain activation for photographs people took vs pictures they have only seen
- Pictures were taken over a 10 day period
- asked to choose which pictures they took under fMRI
- Own-photos and lab-photos both activated same areas
- Own-photos activated
- prefrontal cortex - processing information
- Hippocampus - involved recollection
- Own-photos triggered memories activated more brain area
- *
16
Q
The Reminiscence Bump - Lifespan Autobiography
A
- Conway 1996; Rudin et al 1998
- Significant Events in life tend to be remembered well
- 55 year olds have better memory for events aged 10 - 30
- This bump occurs for ppl over 40
17
Q
Reminiscence Bump - Self Image Hypothesis
A
- Rathbone et al 2008
- Memory is better for events that helps form one’s self image
- Subjects created “I am” statements and attached them to an age it became true
- Average origin date is 25
- Self image develops with memorable events
- Usually occurs during adolescence or young adulthood
18
Q
Reminiscence Bump - Cognitive Hypothesis
A
- Schrauf & Rubin 1998
- Periods of rapid change, followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories
- Rapid changes during adolescence and adulthood
- Shift in Reminiscence bump for people who emigrated later in life.
19
Q
Reminiscence Bump - Cultural Life Script Hypothesis
A
- Berntsen & Rubin 2004
- Culturally expected events are remembered better
- Many of these occur in the reminiscence bump
- Youth Bias - Koppel & Berntsen 2014
- Most important public events are perceived to occur earlier in life
20
Q
Flashbulb Memories
A
- Particularly emotional and unexpected events appear to be more vivid and remembered for longer
- e.g. 9/11, Challenger Disaster, Steve Irwin Dying
- Vivid recollections about the circumstance surrounding them like where you were when . .
- Brown & Kulik 1997
- “for an instant, the entire nation and perhaps much of the world
stopped still to have its picture taken.” - Appear to be vivid and detailed as if a photo was taken
21
Q
How do we study Flashbulb Memories
A
- Difficult to verify if someone remembers the correct details of the memory
- Repeated recall - testing memory immediatly after stimulus presented, then days, months and years later
- Initial memory used to measure how well we remember
- Experiments indicate flashbulb memories are NOT like photographs
- They change over time - often remain vivid, accuracy reduces over time
22
Q
Flashbulb Memories - Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis
A
- People mistakenly recall they heard news on TV
- Flashbulb memories may be more vivid because we rehearsed them often
- Seeing events repeatedly on replay may result in focus on the images rather than the actual circumstance
23
Q
Flashbulb Memories - Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis
A
- People mistakenly recall they heard news on TV
- Flashbulb memories may be more vivid because we rehearsed them often
- Seeing events repeatedly on replay may result in focus on the images rather than the actual circumstance
24
Q
Flashbulb Memories - Talarico & Ruben 2003
A
- Asked people about 9/11 on 12 Sept 2001 and about their lives before the attack
- Subjects aske to write a 2-3 word description to be a cue for the event in the future
- tested at 1 week, 6 weeks or 32 weeks later
- Longer delay showed more errors and fewer details
- BUT - flashbulb memories remained more Vivid
- Subjects believed them to be real even though they were not.
34
Q
Schemas & Scripts Deese 1959; Roedeiger & McDermott 1995
A
People misremember the list as including the word “sleep” but it was not there
This is because sleep fits the context of the other words
Constructive/Relational Processes created an error in memory
37
Q
The Misinformation Effect
A
- Can be studied by:
- Presenting stimulus to be remembered
- presenting Misleading Postevent Information (MPI)
- Oftern presented in a natural way, people do not feel mislead
- MPI is determined by comparing responses from ppl who have no MPI
39
Q
Misinformation Effect - Lindsay 1990
A
- Watched slide of maintenance man stealing money & a computer
- After two days tested differently:
- Difficut - Female Narrative, wait 2 days then test
- Easy - Wait 2 days, Male narrative then test immediately
- Difficult group confused the misleading narrative more often and reported more MPI as correct
45
Q
Misidentification Due to Familiarity
A
- Experimental Group shown film of male teacher reading to students
- Control Group saw female teacher reading to students
- Both groups shown film of a female teacher being robbed
- Experimental group identified the male teacher as the assailant 3x more often even when the real perpetrator was in the photo spread
50
Q
The Peak-End Rule - Redelmeier & Kahneman 1996
A
- Showed this effect for patients undergoing colonoscopy or lithotripsy
- Recording participants’ pain in real time during the procedure
- Compared retrospective recall to real time
- Peak & end were biggest predictors of recalled pain
55
Q
Reminiscence Bump
A
- Significant events from a person’s life are easier to remember
- Important life events often occur between 10-30yrs and that is where the Bump occurs
- These important events shape identity and that is why the bump occurs at formative times in one’s life
